• Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

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+ offer.toFixed(0);\n\n const marginalCost = 20; \/\/ Extra soda \u0026amp; snack\n const card = document.getElementById('ch1-verdict-card');\n const heading = document.getElementById('ch1-verdict-heading');\n const desc = document.getElementById('ch1-verdict-desc');\n const dot = document.getElementById('ch1-verdict-dot');\n\n if (offer \u0026gt;= marginalCost) {\n card.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border transition-all duration-200 bg-emerald-950\/70 border-emerald-500\/50\";\n dot.className = \"h-3 w-3 rounded-full bg-emerald-400 animate-pulse\";\n heading.innerText = \"SELL THE SEAT!\";\n heading.className = \"font-extrabold text-base uppercase text-emerald-300 tracking-wide\";\n desc.innerHTML = `Marginal Benefit (\u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;${offer.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;) exceeds Marginal Cost (\u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;$20\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;). Net flight profit increases by \u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;+${(offer - marginalCost).toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;. Past average cost ($500) is irrelevant to this marginal choice!`;\n } else {\n card.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border transition-all duration-200 bg-rose-950\/70 border-rose-500\/50\";\n dot.className = \"h-3 w-3 rounded-full bg-rose-400\";\n heading.innerText = \"REJECT STANDBY PASSENGER\";\n heading.className = \"font-extrabold text-base uppercase text-rose-300 tracking-wide\";\n desc.innerHTML = `Offer of ${offer.toFixed(0)} fails to cover even the marginal cost of $20. Accepting would lose money on the margin.`;\n }\n }\n\n function renderCh1Matrix() {\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch1-matrix-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n if (ch1CurrentView === 'decisions') {\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(15, 15)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"280\" height=\"135\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#2563eb\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"30\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;1. People Face Trade-offs\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"58\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"13\"\u0026gt;\"There ain't no such thing as a free lunch.\"\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"84\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Efficiency (size of the economic pie)\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Equality (how the pie is divided)\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(325, 15)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"280\" height=\"135\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#2563eb\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"30\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;2. Cost Is What You Give Up\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"58\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"13\"\u0026gt;Opportunity Cost Principle\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"84\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 True cost includes foregone time \u0026amp;amp; earnings\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Not merely out-of-pocket tuition bills\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(15, 170)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"280\" height=\"135\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"30\" fill=\"#fbbf24\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;3. Rational Think at Margin\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"58\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"13\"\u0026gt;Marginal Benefit vs Marginal Cost\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"84\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Take action if and only if MB \u0026amp;gt; MC\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Water vs Diamonds paradox explained\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(325, 170)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"280\" height=\"135\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"30\" fill=\"#34d399\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;4. People Respond to Incentives\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"58\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"13\"\u0026gt;Rewards \u0026amp;amp; Penalties Shape Action\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"84\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Direct and indirect policy effects\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 China carbon pricing \u0026amp;amp; green subsidies\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n `;\n } else if (ch1CurrentView === 'interactions') {\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 15)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Specialization in comparative advantage: GBA supply chain clusters across HK, Shenzhen, and Dongguan.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 115)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#fbbf24\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 6: Markets Organize Economic Activity\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Adam Smith's \"Invisible Hand\": decentralized prices coordinate millions of buyers and sellers efficiently.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 215)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#ef4444\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#f87171\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 7: Governments Can Improve Market Outcomes\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Public action is essential when markets fail (externalities, market power) or to promote social equity.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n `;\n } else {\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 15)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#34d399\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 8: Productivity Drives Living Standards\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Differences in goods and services produced per worker explain cross-country living standard gaps.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 115)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#fbbf24\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#fbbf24\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 9: Prices Rise When Governments Print Too Much Money\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Excessive broad money growth is the primary long-run cause of sustained inflation.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 215)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 10: Short-Run Trade-off: Inflation vs. Unemployment\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Phillips Curve dynamics: monetary and fiscal stimulus stimulate demand, reducing unemployment temporarily.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 4 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function applyCh4Preset() {\n const val = document.getElementById('ch4-preset-box').value;\n const dSlider = document.getElementById('ch4-d-range');\n const sSlider = document.getElementById('ch4-s-range');\n\n if (val === 'baseline') {\n dSlider.value = 120;\n sSlider.value = 0;\n } else if (val === 'frost') {\n dSlider.value = 120;\n sSlider.value = -26;\n } else if (val === 'ev') {\n dSlider.value = 150;\n sSlider.value = 24;\n } else if (val === 'logistics') {\n dSlider.value = 120;\n sSlider.value = 22;\n } else if (val === 'housing') {\n dSlider.value = 150;\n sSlider.value = -8;\n }\n\n renderCh4Graph();\n }\n\n function renderCh4Graph() {\n const a = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch4-d-range').value);\n const c = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch4-s-range').value);\n\n document.getElementById('ch4-d-disp').innerText = a;\n document.getElementById('ch4-s-disp').innerText = c;\n\n \/\/ Equilibrium: a - P = c + P =\u0026gt; 2P = a - c =\u0026gt; P* = (a - c)\/2\n const pEq = (a - c) \/ 2;\n const qEq = pEq + c;\n\n document.getElementById('ch4-calc-p').innerText = pEq.toFixed(1);\n document.getElementById('ch4-calc-q').innerText = qEq.toFixed(1);\n\n const stepText = document.getElementById('ch4-step-desc');\n if (c \u0026lt; -10) {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Supply Contraction:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Severe freeze shifts S leftward. Shortage at old price bids price up to $\" + pEq.toFixed(0) + \" and lowers Q to \" + qEq.toFixed(0) + \".\";\n } else if (c \u0026gt; 10 \u0026amp;\u0026amp; a \u0026gt; 130) {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Dual Shift (EV Boom):\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Scale tech shifts S right, subsidies shift D right. Output Q explodes to \" + qEq.toFixed(0) + \" while price remains moderate.\";\n } else if (c \u0026gt; 10) {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Productivity Advance:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; High-speed GBA freight shifts S right, lowering equilibrium price to $\" + pEq.toFixed(0) + \" and expanding volume.\";\n } else if (a \u0026gt; 130) {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Demand Surge:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Population inflow shifts D right, driving up equilibrium price to $\" + pEq.toFixed(0) + \".\";\n } else {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"Market is in standard balance: Quantity Demanded equals Quantity Supplied with no surplus or shortage.\";\n }\n\n \/\/ Responsive SVG\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch4-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = q =\u0026gt; pad.left + (q \/ 140) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = p =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (p \/ 140) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(0) + 6}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Q\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${pad.top - 12}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Demand Curve Line --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(a - 125)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(125)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(a - 15)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(15)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(a - 15) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(15)}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"18\" font-weight=\"900\"\u0026gt;D\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Supply Curve Line --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(c + 15)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(15)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(c + 125)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(125)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(c + 125) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(125)}\" fill=\"#f59e0b\" font-size=\"18\" font-weight=\"900\"\u0026gt;S\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Equilibrium Projections --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pEq)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(qEq)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pEq)}\" stroke=\"#94a3b8\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,4\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(qEq)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pEq)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(qEq)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#94a3b8\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,4\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;circle cx=\"${scaleX(qEq)}\" cy=\"${scaleY(pEq)}\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qEq) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(pEq) - 10}\" fill=\"#ffffff\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;E* (${qEq.toFixed(0)}, ${pEq.toFixed(0)})\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 5 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function renderCh5Graph() {\n const p1 = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch5-p1-range').value);\n const p2 = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch5-p2-range').value);\n\n document.getElementById('ch5-p1-disp').innerText = '

  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

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+ p1.toFixed(0);\n document.getElementById('ch5-p2-disp').innerText = '

  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

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+ p2.toFixed(0);\n\n const q1 = Math.max(5, 140 - 1.2 * p1);\n const q2 = Math.max(5, 140 - 1.2 * p2);\n\n const avgP = (p1 + p2) \/ 2;\n const avgQ = (q1 + q2) \/ 2;\n const pctP = ((p2 - p1) \/ avgP) * 100;\n const pctQ = ((q2 - q1) \/ avgQ) * 100;\n const ed = Math.abs(pctQ \/ pctP);\n\n document.getElementById('ch5-pct-q').innerText = (pctQ \u0026gt;= 0 ? '+' : '') + pctQ.toFixed(1) + '%';\n document.getElementById('ch5-pct-p').innerText = (pctP \u0026gt;= 0 ? '+' : '') + pctP.toFixed(1) + '%';\n document.getElementById('ch5-ed-out').innerText = isNaN(ed) ? '1.00' : ed.toFixed(2);\n\n const tr1 = p1 * q1;\n const tr2 = p2 * q2;\n document.getElementById('ch5-tr1-disp').innerText = '

  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

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+ tr1.toFixed(0);\n document.getElementById('ch5-tr2-disp').innerText = '

  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

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+ tr2.toFixed(0);\n\n const badge = document.getElementById('ch5-tag-badge');\n const note = document.getElementById('ch5-verdict-note');\n\n if (ed \u0026gt; 1.05) {\n badge.innerText = `Elastic (|Ed| = ${ed.toFixed(2)})`;\n badge.className = \"px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs md:text-sm font-bold bg-emerald-950 text-emerald-300 border border-emerald-700\";\n note.innerText = p2 \u0026gt; p1 \n ? \"Price INCREASE caused Total Revenue to FALL because quantity loss dominated.\"\n : \"Price CUT caused Total Revenue to RISE because quantity gain dominated!\";\n note.className = \"text-sm md:text-base font-bold text-emerald-400 pt-2 border-t border-slate-800 mb-0\";\n } else if (ed \u0026lt; 0.95) {\n badge.innerText = `Inelastic (|Ed| = ${ed.toFixed(2)})`;\n badge.className = \"px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs md:text-sm font-bold bg-amber-950 text-amber-300 border border-amber-700\";\n note.innerText = p2 \u0026gt; p1 \n ? \"Price INCREASE caused Total Revenue to RISE! (Price effect dominates, e.g. staple food).\"\n : \"Price CUT caused Total Revenue to FALL! Quantity did not respond enough.\";\n note.className = \"text-sm md:text-base font-bold text-amber-400 pt-2 border-t border-slate-800 mb-0\";\n } else {\n badge.innerText = `Unitary Elastic (|Ed| \u2248 1.0)`;\n badge.className = \"px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs md:text-sm font-bold bg-sky-950 text-sky-300 border border-sky-700\";\n note.innerText = \"Total revenue is maximized near this unit-elastic midpoint region.\";\n note.className = \"text-sm md:text-base font-bold text-sky-400 pt-2 border-t border-slate-800 mb-0\";\n }\n\n \/\/ Responsive SVG\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch5-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = q =\u0026gt; pad.left + (q \/ 140) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = p =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (p \/ 100) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(0) + 6}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Q\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${pad.top - 12}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Revenue Box 1 --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${scaleY(p1)}\" width=\"${scaleX(q1) - pad.left}\" height=\"${scaleY(0) - scaleY(p1)}\" fill=\"rgba(56, 189, 248, 0.25)\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Revenue Box 2 --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${scaleY(p2)}\" width=\"${scaleX(q2) - pad.left}\" height=\"${scaleY(0) - scaleY(p2)}\" fill=\"rgba(16, 185, 129, 0.25)\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,4\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Linear Demand Curve --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(140 - 1.2 * 95)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(95)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(140 - 1.2 * 10)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(10)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(140 - 1.2 * 10) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(10)}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"18\" font-weight=\"900\"\u0026gt;D\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Point 1 --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;circle cx=\"${scaleX(q1)}\" cy=\"${scaleY(p1)}\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(q1) + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(p1) - 8}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\"\u0026gt;P\u2081 (${p1.toFixed(0)}, ${q1.toFixed(0)})\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Point 2 --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;circle cx=\"${scaleX(q2)}\" cy=\"${scaleY(p2)}\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#10b981\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(q2) + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(p2) - 8}\" fill=\"#10b981\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\"\u0026gt;P\u2082 (${p2.toFixed(0)}, ${q2.toFixed(0)})\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 6 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n let ch6CurrentPolicy = 'ceiling';\n\n function setCh6Policy(policy) {\n ch6CurrentPolicy = policy;\n ['ceiling', 'floor', 'tax'].forEach(p =\u0026gt; {\n const btn = document.getElementById('ch6-mode-' + (p === 'ceiling' ? 'ceil' : (p === 'floor' ? 'flr' : 'tx')));\n if (p === policy) {\n btn.className = \"touch-btn rounded-xl text-sm font-bold bg-sky-600 text-white border border-sky-400 shadow\";\n } else {\n btn.className = \"touch-btn rounded-xl text-sm font-semibold bg-slate-800 text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-700 border border-slate-700\";\n }\n });\n\n const pBox = document.getElementById('ch6-price-box');\n const tBox = document.getElementById('ch6-tax-box');\n const title = document.getElementById('ch6-chart-header');\n\n if (policy === 'tax') {\n pBox.classList.add('hidden');\n tBox.classList.remove('hidden');\n title.innerText = \"Tax Wedge \u0026amp; Incidence Burden Visualizer\";\n } else {\n pBox.classList.remove('hidden');\n tBox.classList.add('hidden');\n if (policy === 'ceiling') {\n title.innerText = \"Binding Price Ceiling \u0026amp; Shortage Visualizer\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-price-label').innerText = \"Ceiling Price Limit:\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-price-range').value = 35;\n } else {\n title.innerText = \"Binding Price Floor \u0026amp; Surplus Visualizer\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-price-label').innerText = \"Floor Price Limit:\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-price-range').value = 65;\n }\n }\n\n renderCh6Graph();\n }\n\n function renderCh6Graph() {\n const eqP = 50, eqQ = 70;\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch6-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = q =\u0026gt; pad.left + (q \/ 140) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = p =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (p \/ 100) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n if (ch6CurrentPolicy === 'ceiling') {\n const pCeil = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch6-price-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch6-ctrl-val').innerText = '

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+ pCeil.toFixed(1);\n\n const isBinding = pCeil \u0026lt; eqP;\n const qD = Math.max(0, 120 - pCeil);\n const qS = Math.max(0, pCeil - 20);\n const shortage = Math.max(0, qD - qS);\n const dwl = isBinding ? 0.5 * (eqP - (qS + 20)) * (eqQ - qS) : 0;\n\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').innerText = isBinding ? \"BINDING CEILING\" : \"NON-BINDING (No effect)\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').className = isBinding ? \"font-bold text-rose-400\" : \"font-bold text-slate-400\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-label').innerText = \"Shortage (Qd - Qs):\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-val').innerText = isBinding ? `${shortage.toFixed(0)} Units` : \"0 Units\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-dwl-disp').innerText = '

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+ dwl.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch6-explainer-text').innerText = isBinding \n ? \"Binding price ceiling holds price below equilibrium ($50). A persistent shortage is created; buyers face lines, rationing, and black markets.\"\n : \"Ceiling is above equilibrium ($50). Market clears normally at P* without any shortage.\";\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(25)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(95)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(10)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(10)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(30)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(90)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n ${isBinding ? `\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(qS)},${scaleY(pCeil)} ${scaleX(qS)},${scaleY(120 - qS)} ${scaleX(eqQ)},${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.4)\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qS) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"#fca5a5\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;DWL\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pCeil)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pCeil)}\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-dasharray=\"6,4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right - 90}\" y=\"${scaleY(pCeil) - 8}\" fill=\"#f43f5e\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Ceiling = ${pCeil.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n ${isBinding ? `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(qS)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pCeil)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(qD)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pCeil)}\" stroke=\"#e11d48\" stroke-width=\"6\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX((qS + qD)\/2)}\" y=\"${scaleY(pCeil) + 20}\" fill=\"#fda4af\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\" text-anchor=\"middle\"\u0026gt;Shortage = ${shortage.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n `;\n } else if (ch6CurrentPolicy === 'floor') {\n const pFloor = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch6-price-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch6-ctrl-val').innerText = '

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+ pFloor.toFixed(1);\n\n const isBinding = pFloor \u0026gt; eqP;\n const qD = Math.max(0, 120 - pFloor);\n const qS = Math.max(0, pFloor - 20);\n const surplus = Math.max(0, qS - qD);\n const dwl = isBinding ? 0.5 * (pFloor - (qD + 20)) * (eqQ - qD) : 0;\n\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').innerText = isBinding ? \"BINDING FLOOR (Surplus)\" : \"NON-BINDING\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').className = isBinding ? \"font-bold text-amber-400\" : \"font-bold text-slate-400\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-label').innerText = \"Surplus (Qs - Qd):\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-val').innerText = isBinding ? `${surplus.toFixed(0)} Units` : \"0 Units\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-dwl-disp').innerText = '

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+ dwl.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch6-explainer-text').innerText = isBinding \n ? \"Binding minimum wage \/ floor sets price above clearing level. Quantity supplied exceeds demand, producing persistent unemployment for low-skilled workers.\"\n : \"Floor is below equilibrium ($50). Market clears naturally at P* without surplus.\";\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(25)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(95)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(10)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(10)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(30)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(90)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n ${isBinding ? `\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(qD)},${scaleY(pFloor)} ${scaleX(qD)},${scaleY(qD + 20)} ${scaleX(eqQ)},${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.4)\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qD) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"#fca5a5\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;DWL\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pFloor)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pFloor)}\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-dasharray=\"6,4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right - 90}\" y=\"${scaleY(pFloor) - 8}\" fill=\"#10b981\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Floor = ${pFloor.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n ${isBinding ? `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(qD)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pFloor)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(qS)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pFloor)}\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"6\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX((qS + qD)\/2)}\" y=\"${scaleY(pFloor) - 12}\" fill=\"#86efac\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\" text-anchor=\"middle\"\u0026gt;Surplus = ${surplus.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n `;\n } else {\n \/\/ TAX MODE\n const tax = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch6-tax-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch6-tax-disp').innerText = '

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+ tax.toFixed(0);\n\n const qTax = Math.max(15, eqQ - tax * 0.7);\n const pb = eqP + tax * 0.55;\n const ps = pb - tax;\n const taxRev = tax * qTax;\n const dwl = 0.5 * tax * (eqQ - qTax);\n\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').innerText = `TAX: ${tax.toFixed(0)}\/Unit`;\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-label').innerText = \"Buyer vs Seller Split:\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-val').innerText = \"55% Buyer | 45% Seller\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-dwl-disp').innerText = '

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+ dwl.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch6-explainer-text').innerText = `Tax inserts a ${tax} wedge between buyer price (${pb.toFixed(1)}) and seller price (${ps.toFixed(1)}). The less elastic side bears the larger burden.`;\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(25)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(95)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(10)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(10)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(30)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(90)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${scaleY(pb)}\" width=\"${scaleX(qTax) - pad.left}\" height=\"${scaleY(ps) - scaleY(pb)}\" fill=\"rgba(245, 158, 11, 0.3)\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qTax\/2)}\" y=\"${scaleY((pb+ps)\/2) + 5}\" fill=\"#fde68a\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\" text-anchor=\"middle\"\u0026gt;Tax Rev (${taxRev.toFixed(0)})\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(qTax)},${scaleY(pb)} ${scaleX(qTax)},${scaleY(ps)} ${scaleX(eqQ)},${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.4)\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qTax) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"#fca5a5\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;DWL\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 7 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function resetCh7Planner() {\n document.getElementById('ch7-p-range').value = 50;\n document.getElementById('ch7-q-range').value = 60;\n renderCh7Graph();\n }\n\n function renderCh7Graph() {\n const p = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch7-p-range').value);\n const qCap = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch7-q-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch7-p-disp').innerText = '

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+ p.toFixed(1);\n document.getElementById('ch7-q-disp').innerText = qCap.toFixed(0) + ' Units';\n\n const eqP = 50, eqQ = 60;\n\n const qD = Math.max(0, 100 - p);\n const qS = Math.max(0, p - 20);\n const transQ = Math.min(qCap, Math.min(qD, qS));\n\n const cs = 0.5 * (100 - p + (100 - transQ - p)) * transQ;\n const ps = 0.5 * (p - 20 + (p - (20 + transQ))) * transQ;\n const ts = cs + ps;\n const maxTs = 0.5 * (100 - 20) * eqQ;\n const dwl = Math.max(0, maxTs - ts);\n\n document.getElementById('ch7-cs-disp').innerText = '

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+ Math.max(0, cs).toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch7-ps-disp').innerText = '

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+ Math.max(0, ps).toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch7-ts-disp').innerText = '

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+ ts.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch7-dwl-disp').innerText = '

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+ dwl.toFixed(2);\n\n \/\/ Responsive SVG\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch7-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = q =\u0026gt; pad.left + (q \/ 100) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = pr =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (pr \/ 110) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(0) + 6}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Q\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${pad.top - 12}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Shaded Consumer Surplus Polygon --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(0)},${scaleY(100)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(100 - transQ)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(p)} ${scaleX(0)},${scaleY(p)}\" fill=\"rgba(56, 189, 248, 0.35)\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(transQ\/3)}\" y=\"${scaleY(p + 15)}\" fill=\"#7dd3fc\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Consumer Surplus (CS)\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Shaded Producer Surplus Polygon --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(0)},${scaleY(20)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(20 + transQ)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(p)} ${scaleX(0)},${scaleY(p)}\" fill=\"rgba(245, 158, 11, 0.35)\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(transQ\/3)}\" y=\"${scaleY(p - 15)}\" fill=\"#fde68a\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Producer Surplus (PS)\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- DWL Triangle if restricted --\u0026gt;\n ${transQ \u0026lt; eqQ ? `\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(100 - transQ)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(20 + transQ)} ${scaleX(eqQ)},${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.45)\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(transQ) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"#fca5a5\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;DWL\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Demand \u0026amp; Supply lines --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(0)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(100)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(85)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(15)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"3.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(85) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(15)}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;D\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(0)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(20)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(80)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(100)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"3.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(80) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(100)}\" fill=\"#f59e0b\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;S\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 14 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function setCh14Price(p) {\n document.getElementById('ch14-p-range').value = p;\n renderCh14Graph();\n }\n\n function renderCh14Graph() {\n const p = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch14-p-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch14-p-disp').innerText = '

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+ p.toFixed(1);\n\n const q = Math.max(5, (p - 10) \/ 0.6);\n const atc = 250 \/ q + 10 + 0.3 * q;\n const avc = 10 + 0.3 * q;\n const minAtc = 2 * Math.sqrt(250 * 0.3) + 10; \/\/ \u2248 37.32\n\n const profit = (p - atc) * q;\n\n document.getElementById('ch14-q-disp').innerText = q.toFixed(0) + ' Units';\n document.getElementById('ch14-atc-disp').innerText = '

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+ atc.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch14-avc-disp').innerText = '

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+ avc.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch14-profit-disp').innerText = (profit \u0026gt;= 0 ? '+

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: '-

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) + Math.abs(profit).toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch14-profit-disp').className = profit \u0026gt;= 0 ? \"text-emerald-400 font-extrabold\" : \"text-rose-400 font-extrabold\";\n\n const badge = document.getElementById('ch14-decision-badge');\n const desc = document.getElementById('ch14-decision-desc');\n const box = document.getElementById('ch14-decision-box');\n\n if (p \u0026lt; avc) {\n box.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-rose-950\/70 border-rose-500\/50 space-y-1\";\n badge.innerText = \"SHUT DOWN IMMEDIATELY (P \u0026lt; AVC)\";\n badge.className = \"text-rose-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block font-bold\";\n desc.innerText = \"P fails to cover variable operating costs (wages and materials). Producing units adds to losses. Shut down to lose only fixed costs!\";\n } else if (p \u0026lt; atc) {\n box.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-amber-950\/70 border-amber-500\/50 space-y-1\";\n badge.innerText = \"OPERATE AT SHORT-RUN LOSS (AVC \u2264 P \u0026lt; ATC)\";\n badge.className = \"text-amber-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block font-bold\";\n desc.innerText = \"Short Run: P covers all variable costs and pays toward fixed rent. Stay open! Long Run: Exit the industry if market price remains below ATC.\";\n } else if (Math.abs(p - minAtc) \u0026lt; 1.5) {\n box.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-sky-950\/70 border-sky-500\/50 space-y-1\";\n badge.innerText = \"LONG RUN EQUILIBRIUM (Zero Profit)\";\n badge.className = \"text-sky-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block font-bold\";\n desc.innerText = \"P = min ATC. Economic profit is zero. The firm earns a normal accounting return on capital; no incentive for industry entry or exit.\";\n } else {\n box.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-emerald-950\/70 border-emerald-500\/50 space-y-1\";\n badge.innerText = \"EARNING SUPERNORMAL PROFIT (P \u0026gt; ATC)\";\n badge.className = \"text-emerald-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block font-bold\";\n desc.innerText = \"Profits attract new domestic and foreign entrants, expanding market supply until price is driven back to minimum ATC.\";\n }\n\n \/\/ Responsive SVG\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch14-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = qu =\u0026gt; pad.left + (qu \/ 100) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = pr =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (pr \/ 90) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n let mcPath = `M ${scaleX(10)} ${scaleY(16)}`;\n for (let qu = 15; qu \u0026lt;= 95; qu += 5) mcPath += ` L ${scaleX(qu)} ${scaleY(10 + 0.6 * qu)}`;\n\n let atcPath = `M ${scaleX(10)} ${scaleY(250\/10 + 10 + 0.3*10)}`;\n for (let qu = 15; qu \u0026lt;= 95; qu += 5) atcPath += ` L ${scaleX(qu)} ${scaleY(250\/qu + 10 + 0.3*qu)}`;\n\n let avcPath = `M ${scaleX(10)} ${scaleY(10 + 0.3*10)}`;\n for (let qu = 15; qu \u0026lt;= 95; qu += 5) avcPath += ` L ${scaleX(qu)} ${scaleY(10 + 0.3*qu)}`;\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(0) + 6}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Q\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${pad.top - 12}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;P, C\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Profit \/ Loss Area --\u0026gt;\n ${p \u0026gt;= avc ? `\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${scaleY(Math.max(p, atc))}\" width=\"${scaleX(q) - pad.left}\" height=\"${Math.abs(scaleY(p) - scaleY(atc))}\" fill=\"${profit \u0026gt;= 0 ? 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\"\u003e\u003cp class=\" s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChapters 1,4,5,6,7 \u0026amp; 14: Microeconomics Review\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1,"lineAlignment":{"firstLineTextAlign":"right","lastLineTextAlign":"right"},"defaultDataProcessed":true},"text2":{"type":"RichText","id":"f_c5613ce1-f9e4-4bb2-827e-abd02818ad3d","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block; \"\u003e\u003cp class=\" s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYouTube Version\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1,"lineAlignment":{"firstLineTextAlign":"right","lastLineTextAlign":"right"},"defaultDataProcessed":true},"background1":{"type":"Background","id":"f_87113827-621f-45e1-9cf9-6cf675f40092","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/f_auto,q_auto,w_4096\/unsplashcom\/photo-1596946223619-1ab4b5979ed0","textColor":"overlay","backgroundVariation":"","sizing":"cover","userClassName":null,"videoUrl":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/f_auto,q_auto,w_4096\/unsplashcom\/photo-1596946223619-1ab4b5979ed0","storage":"un","format":null,"h":608,"w":1080,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"html1":{"type":"HtmlComponent","id":28004711,"defaultValue":false,"value":"\u0026lt;!DOCTYPE html\u0026gt;\n\u0026lt;html lang=\"en\"\u0026gt;\n\u0026lt;head\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;meta charset=\"UTF-8\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=5.0, user-scalable=yes\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;title\u0026gt;Principles of Microeconomics - Mobile Review \u0026amp;amp; 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Demand\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch5')\" id=\"chip-ch5\" class=\"chip-btn px-4 py-2 rounded-xl text-sm md:text-base font-semibold whitespace-nowrap text-slate-300 hover:text-white hover:bg-slate-800 transition\"\u0026gt;\n Ch 5: Elasticity \u0026amp;amp; TR\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch6')\" id=\"chip-ch6\" class=\"chip-btn px-4 py-2 rounded-xl text-sm md:text-base font-semibold whitespace-nowrap text-slate-300 hover:text-white hover:bg-slate-800 transition\"\u0026gt;\n Ch 6: Controls \u0026amp;amp; Taxes\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch7')\" id=\"chip-ch7\" class=\"chip-btn px-4 py-2 rounded-xl text-sm md:text-base font-semibold whitespace-nowrap text-slate-300 hover:text-white hover:bg-slate-800 transition\"\u0026gt;\n Ch 7: Welfare \u0026amp;amp; Surplus\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch14')\" id=\"chip-ch14\" class=\"chip-btn px-4 py-2 rounded-xl text-sm md:text-base font-semibold whitespace-nowrap text-slate-300 hover:text-white hover:bg-slate-800 transition\"\u0026gt;\n Ch 14: Competitive Firm\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('practice')\" id=\"chip-practice\" class=\"chip-btn px-4 py-2 rounded-xl text-sm md:text-base font-bold whitespace-nowrap text-amber-300 bg-amber-950\/50 border border-amber-600\/50 transition\"\u0026gt;\n Exam Practice \u0026amp;amp; Hints\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/nav\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Collapsible Mobile Drawer --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"mobile-drawer\" class=\"hidden lg:hidden bg-[#091124] border-t border-slate-800 px-4 py-3 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch1'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-bold text-white bg-sky-600\"\u0026gt;Chapter 1: Ten Principles of Economics\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch4'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-medium text-slate-200 hover:bg-slate-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 4: Market Forces (Supply \u0026amp;amp; Demand)\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch5'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-medium text-slate-200 hover:bg-slate-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 5: Elasticity \u0026amp;amp; Total Revenue\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch6'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-medium text-slate-200 hover:bg-slate-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 6: Price Controls \u0026amp;amp; Tax Incidence\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch7'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-medium text-slate-200 hover:bg-slate-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 7: Welfare, Surplus \u0026amp;amp; Efficiency\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch14'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-medium text-slate-200 hover:bg-slate-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 14: Competitive Firms \u0026amp;amp; Supply\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('practice'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-bold text-amber-300 bg-amber-950\/60 border border-amber-600\/40\"\u0026gt;Midterm Practice \u0026amp;amp; Accordion Hints\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;div class=\"pt-2 border-t border-slate-800 flex justify-between items-center text-sm\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;MRU YouTube Hub:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openYouTubeModal('B9MPklfyRHI', 'MRU Marginal Thinking'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"font-bold text-red-400 underline\"\u0026gt;\n Open YouTube Player\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/header\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- 2. MAIN WORKSPACE CONTAINER --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;main class=\"flex-1 max-w-7xl w-full mx-auto px-3 sm:px-5 md:px-6 py-5\"\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 1: CHAPTER 1 - TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-ch1\" class=\"chapter-module space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-sky-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-sky-400 bg-sky-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-sky-800\"\u0026gt;Foundation Chapter 1\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Mankiw Principles of Economics\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;Ten Principles: Building the Economic Way of Thinking\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Economics is the study of how society manages scarce resources. Rational managers evaluate trade-offs, compute opportunity costs, and optimize \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;at the margin\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; where Marginal Benefit exceeds Marginal Cost.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-12 gap-6 items-start\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Left: Interactive Marginal Calculator (Cols 5) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-5 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-sky-300 mb-2\"\u0026gt;Principle 3: Standby Marginal Thinking\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed mb-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;The Airline Seat Dilemma:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; A 200-seat flight from Guangzhou to Beijing costs \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;$100,000\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; total ($500 average cost per seat). With 2 empty seats remaining 15 minutes before departure, a standby passenger offers to pay.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n What is the rational managerial decision? Drag the offer slider to test:\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Slider Card (min 48px target) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;Standby Offer Price:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch1-slider-val\" class=\"font-code text-xl font-extrabold text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;$300\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch1-offer-input\" min=\"10\" max=\"600\" value=\"300\" step=\"10\" oninput=\"runCh1Simulator()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-xs font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$10\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-amber-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;Marginal Cost: $20 (Snack\/Fuel)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$600\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Decision Verdict Banner --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"ch1-verdict-card\" class=\"p-4 rounded-xl border transition-all duration-200 bg-emerald-950\/70 border-emerald-500\/50\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2 mb-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch1-verdict-dot\" class=\"h-3 w-3 rounded-full bg-emerald-400 animate-pulse\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch1-verdict-heading\" class=\"font-extrabold text-base uppercase text-emerald-300 tracking-wide\"\u0026gt;SELL THE SEAT!\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p id=\"ch1-verdict-desc\" class=\"text-base text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Marginal Benefit (\u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;$300\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;) exceeds Marginal Cost (\u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;$20\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;). Net flight profit increases by \u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;+$280\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;. Past average cost ($500) is irrelevant to this marginal choice!\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Principle 2 Opportunity Cost --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h4 class=\"text-base font-bold text-amber-400 mb-1.5\"\u0026gt;Principle 2: True Opportunity Cost\u0026lt;\/h4\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n True cost is whatever you sacrifice. For college students in Guangzhou, the largest economic cost of completing an undergraduate degree is not books or tuition\u2014it is the \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;four years of foregone full-time income\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Right: Interactive Matrix \u0026amp; YouTube MRU Video (Cols 7) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-7 space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Ten Principles Framework Navigator\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex gap-1 bg-slate-900 p-1 rounded-lg border border-slate-800 text-xs sm:text-sm font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh1View('decisions')\" id=\"ch1-view-1\" class=\"px-3 py-1.5 rounded-md bg-sky-600 text-white shadow\"\u0026gt;1\u20134: Decisions\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh1View('interactions')\" id=\"ch1-view-2\" class=\"px-3 py-1.5 rounded-md text-slate-300 hover:text-white\"\u0026gt;5\u20137: Interactions\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh1View('macro')\" id=\"ch1-view-3\" class=\"px-3 py-1.5 rounded-md text-slate-300 hover:text-white\"\u0026gt;8\u201310: Macro\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Responsive Chart Canvas --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"chart-box flex items-center justify-center p-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg id=\"ch1-matrix-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 620 330\" class=\"w-full h-auto max-h-[350px]\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Injected via JavaScript --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;p id=\"ch1-matrix-caption\" class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-300 italic border-l-4 border-sky-500 pl-3 py-1\"\u0026gt;\n \"How People Make Decisions\" centers on rational individual optimization when resources are scarce.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- YouTube MRU Video Card \u0026amp; China Governance --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-2 gap-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- China Dual Governance Card --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#1c1407] rounded-xl p-4 border border-amber-600\/50 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase bg-red-600 text-white px-2 py-0.5 rounded\"\u0026gt;China Governance\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sm font-bold text-amber-200\"\u0026gt;Principles 6 \u0026amp;amp; 7 Harmonization\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n China balances Adam Smith\u2019s \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Invisible Hand\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; (P6: competitive pricing, GBA supply chain specialization) with a \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Proactive Government\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; (P7: infrastructure, high-speed rail freight, and national strategic reserve stabilization).\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- MRU YouTube Preview Card (Ch 1) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#140b0b] rounded-xl p-4 border border-red-600\/50 flex flex-col justify-between space-y-3\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-wider text-red-400 flex items-center gap-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-3.5 h-3.5 fill-current\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path d=\"M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n Official MRU Video\n \u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-code text-red-300\"\u0026gt;ID: B9MPklfyRHI\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- YouTube Video Thumbnail --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"yt-thumb-wrapper cursor-pointer\" onclick=\"openYouTubeModal('B9MPklfyRHI', 'MRU: Thinking on the Margin \u0026amp; Sunk Cost Fallacy')\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;img src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/B9MPklfyRHI\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"MRU Thinking on the Margin\" class=\"w-full h-32 object-cover rounded-lg border border-slate-700\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"absolute inset-0 bg-black\/40 flex items-center justify-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"w-10 h-10 rounded-full bg-red-600 flex items-center justify-center text-white shadow-lg\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-5 h-5 fill-current translate-x-0.5\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path d=\"M8 5v14l11-7z\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h4 class=\"text-sm font-bold text-white mt-2 leading-snug\"\u0026gt;Thinking on the Margin \u0026amp;amp; Sunk Costs\u0026lt;\/h4\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-xs text-slate-300 mt-1 mb-2\"\u0026gt;Understand why rational choice looks forward at marginal benefit, ignoring historical sunk costs.\u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2 flex-wrap\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openYouTubeModal('B9MPklfyRHI', 'MRU: Thinking on the Margin')\" class=\"touch-btn px-3 py-1.5 rounded-lg bg-red-600 hover:bg-red-500 text-white text-xs font-bold transition flex items-center gap-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-3.5 h-3.5 fill-current\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path d=\"M8 5v14l11-7z\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Play Embed Video\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B9MPklfyRHI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"text-xs text-red-400 hover:underline\"\u0026gt;\n YouTube App \u2197\n \u0026lt;\/a\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 2: CHAPTER 4 - MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY \u0026amp; DEMAND --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-ch4\" class=\"chapter-module hidden space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-sky-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-sky-400 bg-sky-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-sky-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 4 Review\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Supply, Demand \u0026amp;amp; Equilibrium\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;The Market Forces of Supply and Demand\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Prices coordinate millions of decentralized buyers and sellers. Always distinguish a \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;movement along a curve\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; (caused strictly by price changes) from a \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;shift of a curve\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; (caused by non-price factors).\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-12 gap-6 items-start\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-5 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;Equilibrium Shifter Controls\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;div class=\"space-y-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;label class=\"text-sm font-bold text-slate-200 block\"\u0026gt;Preset China \u0026amp;amp; Global Cases:\u0026lt;\/label\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;select id=\"ch4-preset-box\" onchange=\"applyCh4Preset()\" class=\"w-full bg-slate-900 border border-slate-700 text-slate-100 text-base rounded-xl p-3 focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-sky-500 font-medium\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;option value=\"baseline\"\u0026gt;Standard Baseline Market (P* = $60, Q* = 60)\u0026lt;\/option\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;option value=\"frost\"\u0026gt;South China Crop Frost \/ Typhoon (Supply Left)\u0026lt;\/option\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;option value=\"ev\"\u0026gt;EV Revolution: Scale Tech + Green Subsidies (D Right, S Right)\u0026lt;\/option\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;option value=\"logistics\"\u0026gt;GBA High-Speed Rail Freight Expansion (Supply Right)\u0026lt;\/option\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;option value=\"housing\"\u0026gt;Tier-1 Megacity Influx (Demand Right)\u0026lt;\/option\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/select\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;Demand Curve Shift (A):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch4-d-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;120\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch4-d-range\" min=\"80\" max=\"160\" value=\"120\" step=\"2\" oninput=\"renderCh4Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-xs text-slate-400 font-medium\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;D Left (Fewer Buyers)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Baseline\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;D Right (More Buyers)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-amber-400\"\u0026gt;Supply Curve Shift (C):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch4-s-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;0\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch4-s-range\" min=\"-30\" max=\"30\" value=\"0\" step=\"2\" oninput=\"renderCh4Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-xs text-slate-400 font-medium\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;S Left (Cost Spike)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Baseline\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;S Right (Tech Leap)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-950 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2 text-sm md:text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-emerald-400 block uppercase tracking-wider text-xs\"\u0026gt;Mankiw 3-Step Analysis Engine\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p id=\"ch4-step-desc\" class=\"text-slate-200 leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n 1. Determine if shock affects buyers or sellers.\u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\n 2. Trace curve shift direction.\u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\n 3. Identify new intersection point where market clears.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-7 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Interactive Supply \u0026amp;amp; Demand Graph\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-3 font-code text-sm md:text-base font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;P* = $\u0026lt;span id=\"ch4-calc-p\"\u0026gt;60.0\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-amber-400\"\u0026gt;Q* = \u0026lt;span id=\"ch4-calc-q\"\u0026gt;60.0\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"chart-box flex items-center justify-center p-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg id=\"ch4-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 360\" class=\"w-full h-auto max-h-[380px]\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamically drawn --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- YouTube Video Preview Card (Ch 4) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#140b0b] rounded-xl p-4 border border-red-600\/50 flex flex-col sm:flex-row items-center gap-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"yt-thumb-wrapper w-full sm:w-48 shrink-0 cursor-pointer\" onclick=\"openYouTubeModal('kUPm2tMCbGE', 'MRU: The Demand Curve \u0026amp; What Shifts It')\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;img src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/kUPm2tMCbGE\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"MRU The Demand Curve\" class=\"w-full h-28 object-cover rounded-lg border border-slate-700\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"absolute inset-0 bg-black\/40 flex items-center justify-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"w-9 h-9 rounded-full bg-red-600 flex items-center justify-center text-white shadow-lg\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-4 h-4 fill-current translate-x-0.5\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path d=\"M8 5v14l11-7z\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex-1 w-full space-y-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-red-400\"\u0026gt;MRU YouTube Lecture\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-code text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;ID: kUPm2tMCbGE\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h4 class=\"text-base font-bold text-white leading-snug\"\u0026gt;The Demand Curve \u0026amp;amp; What Shifts It\u0026lt;\/h4\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-xs text-slate-300 mb-2\"\u0026gt;Explore buyer willingness to pay, consumer surplus, and the 5 shifters of demand.\u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openYouTubeModal('kUPm2tMCbGE', 'MRU: The Demand Curve')\" class=\"touch-btn px-3 py-1 rounded bg-red-600 text-white text-xs font-bold hover:bg-red-500\"\u0026gt;\n Play Video\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kUPm2tMCbGE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"text-xs text-red-400 hover:underline\"\u0026gt;\n Watch on YouTube \u2197\n \u0026lt;\/a\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 3: CHAPTER 5 - ELASTICITY \u0026amp; TOTAL REVENUE --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-ch5\" class=\"chapter-module hidden space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-emerald-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-emerald-400 bg-emerald-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-emerald-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 5 Review\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Elasticity \u0026amp;amp; Total Revenue\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;Price Elasticity of Demand \u0026amp;amp; Revenue Dynamics\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Elasticity measures consumer responsiveness to price changes. The \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Midpoint Method\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; prevents direction bias, while the \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Total Revenue Rule\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; determines whether price increases expand or diminish gross receipts.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-12 gap-6 items-start\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-5 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;Midpoint Calculation Engine\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;Initial Price (P\u2081):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-p1-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;$40\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch5-p1-range\" min=\"15\" max=\"85\" value=\"40\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh5Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-emerald-400\"\u0026gt;Revised Price (P\u2082):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-p2-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;$60\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch5-p2-range\" min=\"15\" max=\"85\" value=\"60\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh5Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-950 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 font-code space-y-2 text-sm md:text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"text-xs uppercase text-slate-400 font-sans font-bold\"\u0026gt;Midpoint Formula Output:\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans\"\u0026gt;Percentage \u0394Q:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-pct-q\" class=\"text-amber-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;-40.0%\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans\"\u0026gt;Percentage \u0394P:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-pct-p\" class=\"text-sky-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;+40.0%\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-base md:text-lg border-t border-slate-800 pt-2 font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans text-white\"\u0026gt;Elasticity (|Ed|):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-ed-out\" class=\"text-emerald-400 text-xl font-extrabold\"\u0026gt;1.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-1.5 text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Initial TR (P\u2081 \u00d7 Q\u2081):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-tr1-disp\" class=\"font-code text-sky-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;$3,680\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Revised TR (P\u2082 \u00d7 Q\u2082):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-tr2-disp\" class=\"font-code text-emerald-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;$4,080\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p id=\"ch5-verdict-note\" class=\"text-sm md:text-base font-bold text-emerald-400 pt-2 border-t border-slate-800 mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n Price increase raised Total Revenue because demand is inelastic.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-7 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Linear Demand \u0026amp;amp; Total Revenue Boxes\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-tag-badge\" class=\"px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs md:text-sm font-bold bg-sky-950 text-sky-300 border border-sky-700\"\u0026gt;Unitary Elastic\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"chart-box flex items-center justify-center p-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg id=\"ch5-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 360\" class=\"w-full h-auto max-h-[380px]\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamically drawn --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- YouTube Video Preview Card (Ch 5) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#140b0b] rounded-xl p-4 border border-red-600\/50 flex flex-col sm:flex-row items-center gap-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"yt-thumb-wrapper w-full sm:w-48 shrink-0 cursor-pointer\" onclick=\"openYouTubeModal('J82_xd5XxXg', 'MRU: Elasticity of Demand')\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;img src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/J82_xd5XxXg\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"MRU Elasticity of Demand\" class=\"w-full h-28 object-cover rounded-lg border border-slate-700\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"absolute inset-0 bg-black\/40 flex items-center justify-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"w-9 h-9 rounded-full bg-red-600 flex items-center justify-center text-white shadow-lg\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-4 h-4 fill-current translate-x-0.5\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path d=\"M8 5v14l11-7z\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex-1 w-full space-y-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-red-400\"\u0026gt;MRU YouTube Lecture\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-code text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;ID: J82_xd5XxXg\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h4 class=\"text-base font-bold text-white leading-snug\"\u0026gt;Elasticity of Demand \u0026amp;amp; Revenue\u0026lt;\/h4\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-xs text-slate-300 mb-2\"\u0026gt;Master percentage calculations and how price changes dictate corporate cash flow.\u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openYouTubeModal('J82_xd5XxXg', 'MRU: Elasticity of Demand')\" class=\"touch-btn px-3 py-1 rounded bg-red-600 text-white text-xs font-bold hover:bg-red-500\"\u0026gt;\n Play Video\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=J82_xd5XxXg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"text-xs text-red-400 hover:underline\"\u0026gt;\n Watch on YouTube \u2197\n \u0026lt;\/a\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 4: CHAPTER 6 - GOVERNMENT CONTROLS \u0026amp; TAXES --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-ch6\" class=\"chapter-module hidden space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-amber-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-amber-400 bg-amber-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-amber-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 6 Review\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Controls \u0026amp;amp; Tax Incidence\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;Government Policies: Price Ceilings, Floors \u0026amp;amp; Taxes\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Price controls prevent markets from rationing scarce resources through prices. Learn why taxes on buyers and taxes on sellers are economically equivalent, and how relative elasticity dictates who really pays.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-12 gap-6 items-start\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-5 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;Policy Instrument Selection\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-3 gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh6Policy('ceiling')\" id=\"ch6-mode-ceil\" class=\"touch-btn rounded-xl text-sm font-bold bg-sky-600 text-white border border-sky-400 shadow\"\u0026gt;Price Ceiling\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh6Policy('floor')\" id=\"ch6-mode-flr\" class=\"touch-btn rounded-xl text-sm font-semibold bg-slate-800 text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-700 border border-slate-700\"\u0026gt;Price Floor\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh6Policy('tax')\" id=\"ch6-mode-tx\" class=\"touch-btn rounded-xl text-sm font-semibold bg-slate-800 text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-700 border border-slate-700\"\u0026gt;Tax Wedge\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div id=\"ch6-price-box\" class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-price-label\" class=\"text-base font-bold text-rose-400\"\u0026gt;Ceiling Price Limit:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-ctrl-val\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-rose-300\"\u0026gt;$35.0\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch6-price-range\" min=\"20\" max=\"80\" value=\"35\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh6Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-xs text-slate-400 font-medium\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$20 (Low)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Equilibrium: $50\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$80 (High)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div id=\"ch6-tax-box\" class=\"hidden bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-amber-400\"\u0026gt;Excise Tax Per Unit:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-tax-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;$20\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch6-tax-range\" min=\"5\" max=\"35\" value=\"20\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh6Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-950 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2 text-sm md:text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Binding Status:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-status-text\" class=\"font-bold text-rose-400\"\u0026gt;BINDING CEILING\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-imbalance-label\" class=\"text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Shortage (Qd - Qs):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-imbalance-val\" class=\"font-code font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;45 Units\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Deadweight Loss:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-dwl-disp\" class=\"font-code font-bold text-rose-400\"\u0026gt;$225.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;p id=\"ch6-explainer-text\" class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed bg-slate-900\/60 p-3.5 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n A binding price ceiling holds rent or fuel prices below market equilibrium. Lines, waitlists, and quality decline replace the free-market price mechanism.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-7 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 id=\"ch6-chart-header\" class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Price Ceiling Shortage Visualizer\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-code text-slate-300 font-bold\"\u0026gt;P* = $50 | Q* = 70\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"chart-box flex items-center justify-center p-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg id=\"ch6-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 360\" class=\"w-full h-auto max-h-[380px]\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamically drawn --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- YouTube Video Preview Card (Ch 6) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#140b0b] rounded-xl p-4 border border-red-600\/50 flex flex-col sm:flex-row items-center gap-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"yt-thumb-wrapper w-full sm:w-48 shrink-0 cursor-pointer\" onclick=\"openYouTubeModal('xuQhWDa0Cxw', 'MRU: Price Ceilings \u0026amp; Price Floors')\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;img src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/xuQhWDa0Cxw\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"MRU Price Ceilings and Floors\" class=\"w-full h-28 object-cover rounded-lg border border-slate-700\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"absolute inset-0 bg-black\/40 flex items-center justify-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"w-9 h-9 rounded-full bg-red-600 flex items-center justify-center text-white shadow-lg\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-4 h-4 fill-current translate-x-0.5\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path d=\"M8 5v14l11-7z\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex-1 w-full space-y-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-red-400\"\u0026gt;MRU YouTube Lecture\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-code text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;ID: xuQhWDa0Cxw\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h4 class=\"text-base font-bold text-white leading-snug\"\u0026gt;Price Ceilings \u0026amp;amp; Price Floors\u0026lt;\/h4\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-xs text-slate-300 mb-2\"\u0026gt;Understand the unintended consequences of rent control, gas lines, and minimum wages.\u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openYouTubeModal('xuQhWDa0Cxw', 'MRU: Price Controls')\" class=\"touch-btn px-3 py-1 rounded bg-red-600 text-white text-xs font-bold hover:bg-red-500\"\u0026gt;\n Play Video\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xuQhWDa0Cxw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"text-xs text-red-400 hover:underline\"\u0026gt;\n Watch on YouTube \u2197\n \u0026lt;\/a\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 5: CHAPTER 7 - WELFARE \u0026amp; EFFICIENCY --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-ch7\" class=\"chapter-module hidden space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-sky-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-sky-400 bg-sky-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-sky-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 7 Review\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Consumers, Producers \u0026amp;amp; Efficiency\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;Welfare Economics: Total Surplus Maximization\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Consumer Surplus (CS)\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; is the benefit buyers receive above what they paid; \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Producer Surplus (PS)\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; is the benefit sellers receive above their cost. Competitive market equilibrium maximizes the economic pie (Total Surplus = CS + PS).\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-12 gap-6 items-start\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-5 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;Surplus Partition \u0026amp;amp; Quotas\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;Market Price (P):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch7-p-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;$50.0\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch7-p-range\" min=\"20\" max=\"80\" value=\"50\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh7Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-xs text-slate-400 font-medium\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$20 (High CS)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Equilibrium: $50\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$80 (High PS)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-amber-400\"\u0026gt;Output Volume Cap (Q):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch7-q-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;60 Units\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch7-q-range\" min=\"20\" max=\"60\" value=\"60\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh7Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Restricting Q below Q* (60) creates unrecoverable Deadweight Loss.\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-950 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 font-code space-y-2 text-sm md:text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans\"\u0026gt;Consumer Surplus (CS):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch7-cs-disp\" class=\"font-bold\"\u0026gt;$1,500.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans\"\u0026gt;Producer Surplus (PS):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch7-ps-disp\" class=\"font-bold\"\u0026gt;$1,500.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-white font-extrabold text-base md:text-lg border-t border-slate-800 pt-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans\"\u0026gt;Total Surplus (CS + PS):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch7-ts-disp\" class=\"text-emerald-400\"\u0026gt;$3,000.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-rose-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans\"\u0026gt;Deadweight Loss (DWL):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch7-dwl-disp\"\u0026gt;$0.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"resetCh7Planner()\" class=\"w-full touch-btn rounded-xl bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 text-white font-bold text-base transition shadow\"\u0026gt;\n Reset to Benevolent Social Planner Optimum\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-7 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Shaded Welfare Polygons\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-3 text-xs md:text-sm font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;Blue: CS\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-amber-400\"\u0026gt;Amber: PS\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-rose-400\"\u0026gt;Red: DWL\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"chart-box flex items-center justify-center p-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg id=\"ch7-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 360\" class=\"w-full h-auto max-h-[380px]\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamically drawn --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- YouTube Video Preview Card (Ch 7) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#140b0b] rounded-xl p-4 border border-red-600\/50 flex flex-col sm:flex-row items-center gap-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"yt-thumb-wrapper w-full sm:w-48 shrink-0 cursor-pointer\" onclick=\"openYouTubeModal('oL20S7c0ZJE', 'MRU: What Is Consumer Surplus?')\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;img src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/oL20S7c0ZJE\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"MRU Consumer Surplus\" class=\"w-full h-28 object-cover rounded-lg border border-slate-700\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"absolute inset-0 bg-black\/40 flex items-center justify-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"w-9 h-9 rounded-full bg-red-600 flex items-center justify-center text-white shadow-lg\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-4 h-4 fill-current translate-x-0.5\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path d=\"M8 5v14l11-7z\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex-1 w-full space-y-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-red-400\"\u0026gt;MRU YouTube Lecture\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-code text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;ID: oL20S7c0ZJE\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h4 class=\"text-base font-bold text-white leading-snug\"\u0026gt;What Is Consumer Surplus?\u0026lt;\/h4\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-xs text-slate-300 mb-2\"\u0026gt;Discover how the area beneath the demand curve measures net gains to buyers.\u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openYouTubeModal('oL20S7c0ZJE', 'MRU: Consumer Surplus')\" class=\"touch-btn px-3 py-1 rounded bg-red-600 text-white text-xs font-bold hover:bg-red-500\"\u0026gt;\n Play Video\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oL20S7c0ZJE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"text-xs text-red-400 hover:underline\"\u0026gt;\n Watch on YouTube \u2197\n \u0026lt;\/a\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 6: CHAPTER 14 - COMPETITIVE FIRMS \u0026amp; SUPPLY --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-ch14\" class=\"chapter-module hidden space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-rose-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-rose-400 bg-rose-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-rose-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 14 Review\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Competitive Firm Supply\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;Competitive Firms: P = MR = MC \u0026amp;amp; Shutdown Rules\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n A competitive price-taker maximizes profit where \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Price = Marginal Cost\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;. In the short run, fixed overhead is \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;sunk\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;\u2014shut down only if \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;P \u0026amp;lt; AVC\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;. In the long run, exit if \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;P \u0026amp;lt; ATC\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;, driving economic profit to zero.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-12 gap-6 items-start\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-5 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-rose-300\"\u0026gt;Exogenous Price Setting\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;Market Price (P = MR):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch14-p-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;$42.0\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch14-p-range\" min=\"15\" max=\"75\" value=\"42\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh14Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-xs text-slate-400 font-medium\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$15 (Shutdown)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Min ATC ($38)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$75 (Super Profit)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"space-y-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;label class=\"text-sm font-bold text-slate-200 block\"\u0026gt;Test Decision Scenarios:\u0026lt;\/label\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-3 gap-2 text-sm font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh14Price(58)\" class=\"touch-btn rounded-xl bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 text-emerald-400 border border-slate-700 text-center\"\u0026gt;\n P \u0026amp;gt; ATC\u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs text-slate-300 font-normal\"\u0026gt;Super Profit\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh14Price(38)\" class=\"touch-btn rounded-xl bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 text-sky-400 border border-slate-700 text-center\"\u0026gt;\n P = Min ATC\u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs text-slate-300 font-normal\"\u0026gt;Zero Profit\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh14Price(22)\" class=\"touch-btn rounded-xl bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 text-rose-400 border border-slate-700 text-center\"\u0026gt;\n P \u0026amp;lt; AVC\u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs text-slate-300 font-normal\"\u0026gt;Shutdown\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-950 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 font-code space-y-2 text-sm md:text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;Optimal Output (Q*):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch14-q-disp\" class=\"font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;53 Units\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;Average Total Cost:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch14-atc-disp\" class=\"text-sky-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;$39.60\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;Average Variable Cost:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch14-avc-disp\" class=\"text-emerald-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;$26.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-base md:text-lg border-t border-slate-800 pt-2 font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans text-white\"\u0026gt;Economic Profit:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch14-profit-disp\" class=\"text-emerald-400\"\u0026gt;+$127.20\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div id=\"ch14-decision-box\" class=\"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-emerald-950\/60 border-emerald-500\/50 space-y-1\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong id=\"ch14-decision-badge\" class=\"text-emerald-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block\"\u0026gt;PROFITABLE OPERATION\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p id=\"ch14-decision-desc\" class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n Produce Q* where P = MC. In the long run, positive economic profit attracts new entrants, shifting industry supply rightward until P reaches min ATC.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-7 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Cost Curves \u0026amp;amp; Supply Thresholds\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-3 text-xs md:text-sm font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-amber-400\"\u0026gt;MC (Supply)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;ATC\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-emerald-400\"\u0026gt;AVC\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"chart-box flex items-center justify-center p-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg id=\"ch14-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 360\" class=\"w-full h-auto max-h-[380px]\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamically drawn --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- YouTube Video Preview Card (Ch 14) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#140b0b] rounded-xl p-4 border border-red-600\/50 flex flex-col sm:flex-row items-center gap-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"yt-thumb-wrapper w-full sm:w-48 shrink-0 cursor-pointer\" onclick=\"openYouTubeModal('0x4f2e5m1Jw', 'MRU: Maximizing Profit Under Competition')\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;img src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/0x4f2e5m1Jw\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"MRU Maximizing Profit Under Competition\" class=\"w-full h-28 object-cover rounded-lg border border-slate-700\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"absolute inset-0 bg-black\/40 flex items-center justify-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"w-9 h-9 rounded-full bg-red-600 flex items-center justify-center text-white shadow-lg\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-4 h-4 fill-current translate-x-0.5\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path d=\"M8 5v14l11-7z\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex-1 w-full space-y-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-red-400\"\u0026gt;MRU YouTube Lecture\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-code text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;ID: 0x4f2e5m1Jw\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h4 class=\"text-base font-bold text-white leading-snug\"\u0026gt;Maximizing Profit Under Competition\u0026lt;\/h4\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-xs text-slate-300 mb-2\"\u0026gt;Understand the firm's supply curve, short-run shutdown vs. long-run exit.\u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openYouTubeModal('0x4f2e5m1Jw', 'MRU: Profit Maximization')\" class=\"touch-btn px-3 py-1 rounded bg-red-600 text-white text-xs font-bold hover:bg-red-500\"\u0026gt;\n Play Video\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0x4f2e5m1Jw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"text-xs text-red-400 hover:underline\"\u0026gt;\n Watch on YouTube \u2197\n \u0026lt;\/a\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 7: MIDTERM EXAM PRACTICE \u0026amp; ACCORDION HINTS --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-practice\" class=\"chapter-module hidden space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-amber-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-amber-400 bg-amber-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-amber-800\"\u0026gt;Formative Assessment\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Class Performance 20%\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;Midterm Examination Practice with Step-by-Step Hints\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Test your analytical problem-solving skills before the formal examination. Click any hint button to see step-by-step mathematical reasoning.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Question 1: Midpoint Elasticity --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-6 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-sky-400 bg-sky-950 px-2.5 py-1 rounded border border-sky-800\"\u0026gt;Question 1 (20 Pts)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Chapter 5 Midpoint\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Cross-Border E-Commerce Pricing\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n A merchant in Guangzhou cuts the export price of Bluetooth earbuds from \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;$50 to $40\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;. Weekly overseas sales volume rises from \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;200 to 300 units\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;ul class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;(a) Calculate price elasticity of demand (|Ed|) using the midpoint formula.\u0026lt;\/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;(b) Did total revenue rise or fall? Explain why using the Total Revenue Rule.\u0026lt;\/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/ul\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"pt-2 border-t border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"toggleAccordion('hint-q1')\" class=\"touch-btn w-full text-left text-sm font-bold text-amber-400 hover:text-amber-300 flex items-center justify-between rounded-lg bg-slate-900 px-3 py-2 border border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;\ud83d\udca1 View Easy-to-Understand Hint for Q1\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"hint-q1-arrow\"\u0026gt;\u25bc\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"hint-q1\" class=\"hidden mt-3 p-4 rounded-xl bg-slate-900\/90 border border-amber-600\/40 text-sm md:text-base space-y-2 text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-amber-300 block\"\u0026gt;Step-by-Step Derivation:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n 1. \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Midpoint Formula:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Always use the average of the two numbers as your base:\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"font-code text-xs text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;%\u0394Q = (300 \u2212 200) \/ 250 = +40%\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"font-code text-xs text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;%\u0394P = (40 \u2212 50) \/ 45 = \u221222.2%\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;Divide: 40% \u00f7 22.2% = \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;1.80 (Elastic)\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n 2. \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Revenue Rule:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; When demand is elastic (|Ed| \u0026amp;gt; 1), quantity changes faster than price. Lowering price increases total revenue (Initial TR = $10,000; New TR = $12,000)!\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Question 2: Equilibrium \u0026amp; Price Ceiling --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-6 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-emerald-400 bg-emerald-950 px-2.5 py-1 rounded border border-emerald-800\"\u0026gt;Question 2 (20 Pts)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Chapters 4 \u0026amp;amp; 6 Controls\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Market Equilibrium \u0026amp;amp; Price Ceiling\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Market demand is given by \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Qd = 120 \u2212 10P\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;, and market supply is \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Qs = 20P\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;ul class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;(a) Solve for competitive market clearing price P* and quantity Q*.\u0026lt;\/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;(b) If government sets a price ceiling of P = $3, calculate the shortage.\u0026lt;\/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/ul\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"pt-2 border-t border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"toggleAccordion('hint-q2')\" class=\"touch-btn w-full text-left text-sm font-bold text-amber-400 hover:text-amber-300 flex items-center justify-between rounded-lg bg-slate-900 px-3 py-2 border border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;\ud83d\udca1 View Easy-to-Understand Hint for Q2\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"hint-q2-arrow\"\u0026gt;\u25bc\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"hint-q2\" class=\"hidden mt-3 p-4 rounded-xl bg-slate-900\/90 border border-amber-600\/40 text-sm md:text-base space-y-2 text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-amber-300 block\"\u0026gt;Step-by-Step Derivation:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n 1. \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Equilibrium:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Set Demand equal to Supply:\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"font-code text-xs text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;120 \u2212 10P = 20P \u21d2 30P = 120 \u21d2 P* = $4, Q* = 80.\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n 2. \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Price Ceiling Shortage:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Because the ceiling ($3) is cheaper than equilibrium ($4), it binds:\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"font-code text-xs text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;Qd = 120 \u2212 10(3) = 90 buyers\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"font-code text-xs text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;Qs = 20(3) = 60 sellers\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;Shortage = 90 \u2212 60 = \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;30 units\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Question 3: Competitive Firm Shutdown --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-6 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-amber-400 bg-amber-950 px-2.5 py-1 rounded border border-amber-800\"\u0026gt;Question 3 (20 Pts)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Chapter 14 Costs\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Competitive Firm Shutdown Rule\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n A price-taking supplier faces market price \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;P = $18\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;. At optimal output Q* = 500, average total cost is \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;ATC = $22\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; and average variable cost is \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;AVC = $15\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;ul class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;(a) Should the firm shut down immediately in the short run?\u0026lt;\/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;(b) What decision should the firm make in the long run?\u0026lt;\/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/ul\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"pt-2 border-t border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"toggleAccordion('hint-q3')\" class=\"touch-btn w-full text-left text-sm font-bold text-amber-400 hover:text-amber-300 flex items-center justify-between rounded-lg bg-slate-900 px-3 py-2 border border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;\ud83d\udca1 View Easy-to-Understand Hint for Q3\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"hint-q3-arrow\"\u0026gt;\u25bc\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"hint-q3\" class=\"hidden mt-3 p-4 rounded-xl bg-slate-900\/90 border border-amber-600\/40 text-sm md:text-base space-y-2 text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-amber-300 block\"\u0026gt;Step-by-Step Derivation:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n 1. \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Short Run:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Fixed costs are already sunk (spilt milk). As long as Price ($18) covers Average Variable Cost ($15), stay open! Every unit sold gives $3 toward paying fixed rent.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n 2. \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Long Run:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; All costs become avoidable. Because Price ($18) is lower than Average Total Cost ($22), the firm suffers economic losses and should \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;exit the industry\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; permanently.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Question 4: China Policy Synthesis Essay --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-6 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-rose-400 bg-rose-950 px-2.5 py-1 rounded border border-rose-800\"\u0026gt;Question 4 (40 Pts)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Policy Synthesis\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;China Dual-Governance Synthesis\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Explain why China utilizes strategic national grain and coal reserves (\u4fdd\u4f9b\u7a33\u4ef7) rather than permanent price ceilings during global commodity shocks. Compare the deadweight loss outcomes.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"pt-2 border-t border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"toggleAccordion('hint-q4')\" class=\"touch-btn w-full text-left text-sm font-bold text-amber-400 hover:text-amber-300 flex items-center justify-between rounded-lg bg-slate-900 px-3 py-2 border border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;\ud83d\udca1 View Easy-to-Understand Hint for Q4\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"hint-q4-arrow\"\u0026gt;\u25bc\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"hint-q4\" class=\"hidden mt-3 p-4 rounded-xl bg-slate-900\/90 border border-amber-600\/40 text-sm md:text-base space-y-2 text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-amber-300 block\"\u0026gt;Step-by-Step Derivation:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n \u2022 \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Ceiling outcome:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Suppresses prices artificially without increasing physical goods. Causes deadweight loss, long lines, and black market speculation.\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u2022 \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Reserves outcome:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Releasing physical reserves shifts the real market supply curve rightward, lowering equilibrium price naturally while clearing the market without shortages!\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;\/main\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- 3. YOUTUBE EMBEDDED VIDEO MODAL PLAYER --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"yt-modal-box\" class=\"fixed inset-0 z-50 modal-overlay hidden flex items-center justify-center p-3 sm:p-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#091124] border border-slate-700 w-full max-w-4xl rounded-2xl overflow-hidden shadow-2xl flex flex-col\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Modal Header --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"px-5 py-3.5 bg-[#0e1a38] border-b border-slate-800 flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"h-3 w-3 rounded-full bg-red-500 animate-pulse\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 id=\"yt-modal-title\" class=\"text-base md:text-lg font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;MRU YouTube Video Player\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"closeYouTubeModal()\" class=\"touch-btn text-slate-400 hover:text-white p-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-slate-800 transition\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-6 h-6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M6 18L18 6M6 6l12 12\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Responsive 16:9 Video Aspect Box --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"p-3 sm:p-4 bg-black\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"youtube-aspect-box\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;iframe id=\"yt-modal-iframe\" src=\"\" allowfullscreen allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/iframe\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Modal Footer --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"px-5 py-3 bg-[#091124] border-t border-slate-800 flex items-center justify-between text-xs md:text-sm text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"flex items-center gap-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-4 h-4 fill-current text-red-500\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path d=\"M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n Marginal Revolution University (Official Channel)\n \u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;a id=\"yt-modal-ext-link\" href=\"#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"text-red-400 hover:underline font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n Open in YouTube App \u2197\n \u0026lt;\/a\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- 4. FOOTER BAR --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;footer class=\"bg-[#091124] border-t border-slate-800 text-slate-400 py-6 px-4 mt-8\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"max-w-7xl mx-auto flex flex-col md:flex-row items-center justify-between gap-4 text-center md:text-left text-sm md:text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-white\"\u0026gt;Principles of Economics (Microeconomics Midterm Review)\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-slate-400 text-xs md:text-sm mt-1 mb-0\"\u0026gt;Guangzhou Huashang College \u2022 School of Digital Economics \u0026amp;amp; Trade \u2022 International Business\u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-4 text-xs md:text-sm font-code\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-red-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;\u25cf MRU YouTube Video Enabled\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-slate-600\"\u0026gt;|\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Chapters 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 \u0026amp;amp; 14 Complete\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/footer\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- 5. JAVASCRIPT CONTROLLERS \u0026amp; DYNAMIC SVG ENGINES --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;script\u0026gt;\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ TAB AND MOBILE NAVIGATION CONTROLLER\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function switchChapter(modKey) {\n document.querySelectorAll('.chapter-module').forEach(m =\u0026gt; m.classList.add('hidden'));\n const activeMod = document.getElementById('module-' + modKey);\n if (activeMod) activeMod.classList.remove('hidden');\n\n \/\/ Update chip styling\n document.querySelectorAll('.chip-btn').forEach(btn =\u0026gt; {\n btn.classList.remove('bg-sky-600', 'text-white', 'shadow');\n btn.classList.add('text-slate-300');\n });\n const activeChip = document.getElementById('chip-' + modKey);\n if (activeChip) {\n activeChip.classList.add('bg-sky-600', 'text-white', 'shadow');\n activeChip.classList.remove('text-slate-300');\n activeChip.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'nearest', inline: 'center' });\n }\n\n \/\/ Redraw SVGs on view\n if (modKey === 'ch1') renderCh1Matrix();\n if (modKey === 'ch4') renderCh4Graph();\n if (modKey === 'ch5') renderCh5Graph();\n if (modKey === 'ch6') renderCh6Graph();\n if (modKey === 'ch7') renderCh7Graph();\n if (modKey === 'ch14') renderCh14Graph();\n\n window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' });\n }\n\n function toggleMobileDrawer() {\n const drawer = document.getElementById('mobile-drawer');\n drawer.classList.toggle('hidden');\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ YOUTUBE MODAL CONTROLLER\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function openYouTubeModal(ytId, title) {\n const modal = document.getElementById('yt-modal-box');\n const iframe = document.getElementById('yt-modal-iframe');\n const headerTitle = document.getElementById('yt-modal-title');\n const extLink = document.getElementById('yt-modal-ext-link');\n\n headerTitle.innerText = title || \"MRU YouTube Lecture\";\n iframe.src = `https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/${ytId}?autoplay=1\u0026amp;rel=0`;\n extLink.href = `https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=${ytId}`;\n\n modal.classList.remove('hidden');\n document.body.style.overflow = 'hidden';\n }\n\n function closeYouTubeModal() {\n const modal = document.getElementById('yt-modal-box');\n const iframe = document.getElementById('yt-modal-iframe');\n iframe.src = '';\n modal.classList.add('hidden');\n document.body.style.overflow = 'auto';\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 1 LOGIC \u0026amp; MARGINAL SIMULATOR\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n let ch1CurrentView = 'decisions';\n\n function setCh1View(view) {\n ch1CurrentView = view;\n ['decisions', 'interactions', 'macro'].forEach((v, i) =\u0026gt; {\n const btn = document.getElementById(`ch1-view-${i + 1}`);\n if (v === view) {\n btn.className = \"px-3 py-1.5 rounded-md bg-sky-600 text-white shadow font-bold\";\n } else {\n btn.className = \"px-3 py-1.5 rounded-md text-slate-300 hover:text-white font-medium\";\n }\n });\n\n const caption = document.getElementById('ch1-matrix-caption');\n if (view === 'decisions') {\n caption.innerText = '\"How People Make Decisions\" (P1\u2013P4): Highlights trade-offs, opportunity cost, and incremental optimization at the margin.';\n } else if (view === 'interactions') {\n caption.innerText = '\"How People Interact\" (P5\u2013P7): Examines gains from specialization, Adam Smith\\'s invisible hand, and proactive government remedies for market failures.';\n } else {\n caption.innerText = '\"How the Economy as a Whole Works\" (P8\u2013P10): Connects productivity with national living standards and short-run inflation-unemployment trade-offs.';\n }\n\n renderCh1Matrix();\n }\n\n function runCh1Simulator() {\n const offer = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch1-offer-input').value);\n document.getElementById('ch1-slider-val').innerText = '

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+ offer.toFixed(0);\n\n const marginalCost = 20;\n const card = document.getElementById('ch1-verdict-card');\n const heading = document.getElementById('ch1-verdict-heading');\n const desc = document.getElementById('ch1-verdict-desc');\n const dot = document.getElementById('ch1-verdict-dot');\n\n if (offer \u0026gt;= marginalCost) {\n card.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border transition-all duration-200 bg-emerald-950\/70 border-emerald-500\/50\";\n dot.className = \"h-3 w-3 rounded-full bg-emerald-400 animate-pulse\";\n heading.innerText = \"SELL THE SEAT!\";\n heading.className = \"font-extrabold text-base uppercase text-emerald-300 tracking-wide\";\n desc.innerHTML = `Marginal Benefit (\u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;${offer.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;) exceeds Marginal Cost (\u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;$20\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;). Net flight profit increases by \u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;+${(offer - marginalCost).toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;. Past average cost ($500) is irrelevant to this marginal choice!`;\n } else {\n card.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border transition-all duration-200 bg-rose-950\/70 border-rose-500\/50\";\n dot.className = \"h-3 w-3 rounded-full bg-rose-400\";\n heading.innerText = \"REJECT STANDBY PASSENGER\";\n heading.className = \"font-extrabold text-base uppercase text-rose-300 tracking-wide\";\n desc.innerHTML = `Offer of ${offer.toFixed(0)} fails to cover even the marginal cost of $20. Accepting would lose money on the margin.`;\n }\n }\n\n function renderCh1Matrix() {\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch1-matrix-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n if (ch1CurrentView === 'decisions') {\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(15, 15)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"280\" height=\"135\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#2563eb\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"30\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;1. People Face Trade-offs\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"58\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"13\"\u0026gt;\"There ain't no such thing as a free lunch.\"\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"84\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Efficiency (size of the economic pie)\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Equality (how the pie is divided)\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(325, 15)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"280\" height=\"135\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#2563eb\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"30\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;2. Cost Is What You Give Up\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"58\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"13\"\u0026gt;Opportunity Cost Principle\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"84\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 True cost includes foregone time \u0026amp;amp; earnings\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Not merely out-of-pocket tuition bills\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(15, 170)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"280\" height=\"135\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"30\" fill=\"#fbbf24\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;3. Rational Think at Margin\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"58\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"13\"\u0026gt;Marginal Benefit vs Marginal Cost\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"84\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Take action if and only if MB \u0026amp;gt; MC\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Water vs Diamonds paradox explained\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(325, 170)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"280\" height=\"135\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"30\" fill=\"#34d399\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;4. People Respond to Incentives\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"58\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"13\"\u0026gt;Rewards \u0026amp;amp; Penalties Shape Action\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"84\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Direct and indirect policy effects\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 China carbon pricing \u0026amp;amp; green subsidies\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n `;\n } else if (ch1CurrentView === 'interactions') {\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 15)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Specialization in comparative advantage: GBA supply chain clusters across HK, Shenzhen, and Dongguan.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 115)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#fbbf24\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 6: Markets Organize Economic Activity\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Adam Smith's \"Invisible Hand\": decentralized prices coordinate millions of buyers and sellers efficiently.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 215)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#ef4444\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#f87171\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 7: Governments Can Improve Market Outcomes\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Public action is essential when markets fail (externalities, market power) or to promote social equity.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n `;\n } else {\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 15)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#34d399\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 8: Productivity Drives Living Standards\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Differences in goods and services produced per worker explain cross-country living standard gaps.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 115)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#fbbf24\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#fbbf24\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 9: Prices Rise When Governments Print Too Much Money\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Excessive broad money growth is the primary long-run cause of sustained inflation.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 215)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 10: Short-Run Trade-off: Inflation vs. Unemployment\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Phillips Curve dynamics: monetary and fiscal stimulus stimulate demand, reducing unemployment temporarily.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 4 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function applyCh4Preset() {\n const val = document.getElementById('ch4-preset-box').value;\n const dSlider = document.getElementById('ch4-d-range');\n const sSlider = document.getElementById('ch4-s-range');\n\n if (val === 'baseline') {\n dSlider.value = 120;\n sSlider.value = 0;\n } else if (val === 'frost') {\n dSlider.value = 120;\n sSlider.value = -26;\n } else if (val === 'ev') {\n dSlider.value = 150;\n sSlider.value = 24;\n } else if (val === 'logistics') {\n dSlider.value = 120;\n sSlider.value = 22;\n } else if (val === 'housing') {\n dSlider.value = 150;\n sSlider.value = -8;\n }\n\n renderCh4Graph();\n }\n\n function renderCh4Graph() {\n const a = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch4-d-range').value);\n const c = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch4-s-range').value);\n\n document.getElementById('ch4-d-disp').innerText = a;\n document.getElementById('ch4-s-disp').innerText = c;\n\n const pEq = (a - c) \/ 2;\n const qEq = pEq + c;\n\n document.getElementById('ch4-calc-p').innerText = pEq.toFixed(1);\n document.getElementById('ch4-calc-q').innerText = qEq.toFixed(1);\n\n const stepText = document.getElementById('ch4-step-desc');\n if (c \u0026lt; -10) {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Supply Contraction:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Severe freeze shifts S leftward. Shortage at old price bids price up to $\" + pEq.toFixed(0) + \" and lowers Q to \" + qEq.toFixed(0) + \".\";\n } else if (c \u0026gt; 10 \u0026amp;\u0026amp; a \u0026gt; 130) {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Dual Shift (EV Boom):\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Scale tech shifts S right, subsidies shift D right. Output Q explodes to \" + qEq.toFixed(0) + \" while price remains moderate.\";\n } else if (c \u0026gt; 10) {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Productivity Advance:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; High-speed GBA freight shifts S right, lowering equilibrium price to $\" + pEq.toFixed(0) + \" and expanding volume.\";\n } else if (a \u0026gt; 130) {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Demand Surge:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Population inflow shifts D right, driving up equilibrium price to $\" + pEq.toFixed(0) + \".\";\n } else {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"Market is in standard balance: Quantity Demanded equals Quantity Supplied with no surplus or shortage.\";\n }\n\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch4-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = q =\u0026gt; pad.left + (q \/ 140) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = p =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (p \/ 140) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(0) + 6}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Q\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${pad.top - 12}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Demand Curve Line --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(a - 125)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(125)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(a - 15)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(15)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(a - 15) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(15)}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"18\" font-weight=\"900\"\u0026gt;D\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Supply Curve Line --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(c + 15)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(15)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(c + 125)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(125)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(c + 125) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(125)}\" fill=\"#f59e0b\" font-size=\"18\" font-weight=\"900\"\u0026gt;S\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Equilibrium Projections --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pEq)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(qEq)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pEq)}\" stroke=\"#94a3b8\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,4\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(qEq)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pEq)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(qEq)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#94a3b8\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,4\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;circle cx=\"${scaleX(qEq)}\" cy=\"${scaleY(pEq)}\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qEq) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(pEq) - 10}\" fill=\"#ffffff\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;E* (${qEq.toFixed(0)}, ${pEq.toFixed(0)})\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 5 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function renderCh5Graph() {\n const p1 = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch5-p1-range').value);\n const p2 = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch5-p2-range').value);\n\n document.getElementById('ch5-p1-disp').innerText = '

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+ p1.toFixed(0);\n document.getElementById('ch5-p2-disp').innerText = '

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+ p2.toFixed(0);\n\n const q1 = Math.max(5, 140 - 1.2 * p1);\n const q2 = Math.max(5, 140 - 1.2 * p2);\n\n const avgP = (p1 + p2) \/ 2;\n const avgQ = (q1 + q2) \/ 2;\n const pctP = ((p2 - p1) \/ avgP) * 100;\n const pctQ = ((q2 - q1) \/ avgQ) * 100;\n const ed = Math.abs(pctQ \/ pctP);\n\n document.getElementById('ch5-pct-q').innerText = (pctQ \u0026gt;= 0 ? '+' : '') + pctQ.toFixed(1) + '%';\n document.getElementById('ch5-pct-p').innerText = (pctP \u0026gt;= 0 ? '+' : '') + pctP.toFixed(1) + '%';\n document.getElementById('ch5-ed-out').innerText = isNaN(ed) ? '1.00' : ed.toFixed(2);\n\n const tr1 = p1 * q1;\n const tr2 = p2 * q2;\n document.getElementById('ch5-tr1-disp').innerText = '

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+ tr1.toFixed(0);\n document.getElementById('ch5-tr2-disp').innerText = '

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+ tr2.toFixed(0);\n\n const badge = document.getElementById('ch5-tag-badge');\n const note = document.getElementById('ch5-verdict-note');\n\n if (ed \u0026gt; 1.05) {\n badge.innerText = `Elastic (|Ed| = ${ed.toFixed(2)})`;\n badge.className = \"px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs md:text-sm font-bold bg-emerald-950 text-emerald-300 border border-emerald-700\";\n note.innerText = p2 \u0026gt; p1 \n ? \"Price INCREASE caused Total Revenue to FALL because quantity loss dominated.\"\n : \"Price CUT caused Total Revenue to RISE because quantity gain dominated!\";\n note.className = \"text-sm md:text-base font-bold text-emerald-400 pt-2 border-t border-slate-800 mb-0\";\n } else if (ed \u0026lt; 0.95) {\n badge.innerText = `Inelastic (|Ed| = ${ed.toFixed(2)})`;\n badge.className = \"px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs md:text-sm font-bold bg-amber-950 text-amber-300 border border-amber-700\";\n note.innerText = p2 \u0026gt; p1 \n ? \"Price INCREASE caused Total Revenue to RISE! (Price effect dominates, e.g. staple food).\"\n : \"Price CUT caused Total Revenue to FALL! Quantity did not respond enough.\";\n note.className = \"text-sm md:text-base font-bold text-amber-400 pt-2 border-t border-slate-800 mb-0\";\n } else {\n badge.innerText = `Unitary Elastic (|Ed| \u2248 1.0)`;\n badge.className = \"px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs md:text-sm font-bold bg-sky-950 text-sky-300 border border-sky-700\";\n note.innerText = \"Total revenue is maximized near this unit-elastic midpoint region.\";\n note.className = \"text-sm md:text-base font-bold text-sky-400 pt-2 border-t border-slate-800 mb-0\";\n }\n\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch5-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = q =\u0026gt; pad.left + (q \/ 140) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = p =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (p \/ 100) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(0) + 6}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Q\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${pad.top - 12}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Revenue Box 1 --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${scaleY(p1)}\" width=\"${scaleX(q1) - pad.left}\" height=\"${scaleY(0) - scaleY(p1)}\" fill=\"rgba(56, 189, 248, 0.25)\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Revenue Box 2 --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${scaleY(p2)}\" width=\"${scaleX(q2) - pad.left}\" height=\"${scaleY(0) - scaleY(p2)}\" fill=\"rgba(16, 185, 129, 0.25)\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,4\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Linear Demand Curve --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(140 - 1.2 * 95)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(95)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(140 - 1.2 * 10)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(10)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(140 - 1.2 * 10) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(10)}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"18\" font-weight=\"900\"\u0026gt;D\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Point 1 --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;circle cx=\"${scaleX(q1)}\" cy=\"${scaleY(p1)}\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(q1) + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(p1) - 8}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\"\u0026gt;P\u2081 (${p1.toFixed(0)}, ${q1.toFixed(0)})\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Point 2 --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;circle cx=\"${scaleX(q2)}\" cy=\"${scaleY(p2)}\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#10b981\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(q2) + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(p2) - 8}\" fill=\"#10b981\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\"\u0026gt;P\u2082 (${p2.toFixed(0)}, ${q2.toFixed(0)})\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 6 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n let ch6CurrentPolicy = 'ceiling';\n\n function setCh6Policy(policy) {\n ch6CurrentPolicy = policy;\n ['ceiling', 'floor', 'tax'].forEach(p =\u0026gt; {\n const btn = document.getElementById('ch6-mode-' + (p === 'ceiling' ? 'ceil' : (p === 'floor' ? 'flr' : 'tx')));\n if (p === policy) {\n btn.className = \"touch-btn rounded-xl text-sm font-bold bg-sky-600 text-white border border-sky-400 shadow\";\n } else {\n btn.className = \"touch-btn rounded-xl text-sm font-semibold bg-slate-800 text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-700 border border-slate-700\";\n }\n });\n\n const pBox = document.getElementById('ch6-price-box');\n const tBox = document.getElementById('ch6-tax-box');\n const title = document.getElementById('ch6-chart-header');\n\n if (policy === 'tax') {\n pBox.classList.add('hidden');\n tBox.classList.remove('hidden');\n title.innerText = \"Tax Wedge \u0026amp; Incidence Burden Visualizer\";\n } else {\n pBox.classList.remove('hidden');\n tBox.classList.add('hidden');\n if (policy === 'ceiling') {\n title.innerText = \"Binding Price Ceiling \u0026amp; Shortage Visualizer\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-price-label').innerText = \"Ceiling Price Limit:\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-price-range').value = 35;\n } else {\n title.innerText = \"Binding Price Floor \u0026amp; Surplus Visualizer\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-price-label').innerText = \"Floor Price Limit:\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-price-range').value = 65;\n }\n }\n\n renderCh6Graph();\n }\n\n function renderCh6Graph() {\n const eqP = 50, eqQ = 70;\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch6-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = q =\u0026gt; pad.left + (q \/ 140) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = p =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (p \/ 100) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n if (ch6CurrentPolicy === 'ceiling') {\n const pCeil = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch6-price-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch6-ctrl-val').innerText = '

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+ pCeil.toFixed(1);\n\n const isBinding = pCeil \u0026lt; eqP;\n const qD = Math.max(0, 120 - pCeil);\n const qS = Math.max(0, pCeil - 20);\n const shortage = Math.max(0, qD - qS);\n const dwl = isBinding ? 0.5 * (eqP - (qS + 20)) * (eqQ - qS) : 0;\n\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').innerText = isBinding ? \"BINDING CEILING\" : \"NON-BINDING (No effect)\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').className = isBinding ? \"font-bold text-rose-400\" : \"font-bold text-slate-400\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-label').innerText = \"Shortage (Qd - Qs):\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-val').innerText = isBinding ? `${shortage.toFixed(0)} Units` : \"0 Units\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-dwl-disp').innerText = '

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+ dwl.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch6-explainer-text').innerText = isBinding \n ? \"Binding price ceiling holds price below equilibrium ($50). A persistent shortage is created; buyers face lines, rationing, and black markets.\"\n : \"Ceiling is above equilibrium ($50). Market clears normally at P* without any shortage.\";\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(25)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(95)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(10)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(10)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(30)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(90)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n ${isBinding ? `\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(qS)},${scaleY(pCeil)} ${scaleX(qS)},${scaleY(120 - qS)} ${scaleX(eqQ)},${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.4)\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qS) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"#fca5a5\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;DWL\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pCeil)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pCeil)}\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-dasharray=\"6,4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right - 90}\" y=\"${scaleY(pCeil) - 8}\" fill=\"#f43f5e\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Ceiling = ${pCeil.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n ${isBinding ? `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(qS)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pCeil)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(qD)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pCeil)}\" stroke=\"#e11d48\" stroke-width=\"6\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX((qS + qD)\/2)}\" y=\"${scaleY(pCeil) + 20}\" fill=\"#fda4af\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\" text-anchor=\"middle\"\u0026gt;Shortage = ${shortage.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n `;\n } else if (ch6CurrentPolicy === 'floor') {\n const pFloor = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch6-price-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch6-ctrl-val').innerText = '

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+ pFloor.toFixed(1);\n\n const isBinding = pFloor \u0026gt; eqP;\n const qD = Math.max(0, 120 - pFloor);\n const qS = Math.max(0, pFloor - 20);\n const surplus = Math.max(0, qS - qD);\n const dwl = isBinding ? 0.5 * (pFloor - (qD + 20)) * (eqQ - qD) : 0;\n\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').innerText = isBinding ? \"BINDING FLOOR (Surplus)\" : \"NON-BINDING\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').className = isBinding ? \"font-bold text-amber-400\" : \"font-bold text-slate-400\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-label').innerText = \"Surplus (Qs - Qd):\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-val').innerText = isBinding ? `${surplus.toFixed(0)} Units` : \"0 Units\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-dwl-disp').innerText = '

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+ dwl.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch6-explainer-text').innerText = isBinding \n ? \"Binding minimum wage \/ floor sets price above clearing level. Quantity supplied exceeds demand, producing persistent unemployment for low-skilled workers.\"\n : \"Floor is below equilibrium ($50). Market clears naturally at P* without surplus.\";\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(25)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(95)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(10)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(10)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(30)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(90)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n ${isBinding ? `\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(qD)},${scaleY(pFloor)} ${scaleX(qD)},${scaleY(qD + 20)} ${scaleX(eqQ)},${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.4)\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qD) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"#fca5a5\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;DWL\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pFloor)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pFloor)}\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-dasharray=\"6,4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right - 90}\" y=\"${scaleY(pFloor) - 8}\" fill=\"#10b981\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Floor = ${pFloor.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n ${isBinding ? `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(qD)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pFloor)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(qS)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pFloor)}\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"6\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX((qS + qD)\/2)}\" y=\"${scaleY(pFloor) - 12}\" fill=\"#86efac\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\" text-anchor=\"middle\"\u0026gt;Surplus = ${surplus.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n `;\n } else {\n const tax = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch6-tax-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch6-tax-disp').innerText = '

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+ tax.toFixed(0);\n\n const qTax = Math.max(15, eqQ - tax * 0.7);\n const pb = eqP + tax * 0.55;\n const ps = pb - tax;\n const taxRev = tax * qTax;\n const dwl = 0.5 * tax * (eqQ - qTax);\n\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').innerText = `TAX: ${tax.toFixed(0)}\/Unit`;\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-label').innerText = \"Buyer vs Seller Split:\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-val').innerText = \"55% Buyer | 45% Seller\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-dwl-disp').innerText = '

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+ dwl.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch6-explainer-text').innerText = `Tax inserts a ${tax} wedge between buyer price (${pb.toFixed(1)}) and seller price (${ps.toFixed(1)}). The less elastic side bears the larger burden.`;\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(25)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(95)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(10)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(10)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(30)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(90)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${scaleY(pb)}\" width=\"${scaleX(qTax) - pad.left}\" height=\"${scaleY(ps) - scaleY(pb)}\" fill=\"rgba(245, 158, 11, 0.3)\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qTax\/2)}\" y=\"${scaleY((pb+ps)\/2) + 5}\" fill=\"#fde68a\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\" text-anchor=\"middle\"\u0026gt;Tax Rev (${taxRev.toFixed(0)})\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(qTax)},${scaleY(pb)} ${scaleX(qTax)},${scaleY(ps)} ${scaleX(eqQ)},${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.4)\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qTax) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"#fca5a5\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;DWL\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 7 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function resetCh7Planner() {\n document.getElementById('ch7-p-range').value = 50;\n document.getElementById('ch7-q-range').value = 60;\n renderCh7Graph();\n }\n\n function renderCh7Graph() {\n const p = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch7-p-range').value);\n const qCap = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch7-q-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch7-p-disp').innerText = '

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+ p.toFixed(1);\n document.getElementById('ch7-q-disp').innerText = qCap.toFixed(0) + ' Units';\n\n const eqP = 50, eqQ = 60;\n\n const qD = Math.max(0, 100 - p);\n const qS = Math.max(0, p - 20);\n const transQ = Math.min(qCap, Math.min(qD, qS));\n\n const cs = 0.5 * (100 - p + (100 - transQ - p)) * transQ;\n const ps = 0.5 * (p - 20 + (p - (20 + transQ))) * transQ;\n const ts = cs + ps;\n const maxTs = 0.5 * (100 - 20) * eqQ;\n const dwl = Math.max(0, maxTs - ts);\n\n document.getElementById('ch7-cs-disp').innerText = '

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+ Math.max(0, cs).toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch7-ps-disp').innerText = '

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+ Math.max(0, ps).toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch7-ts-disp').innerText = '

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+ ts.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch7-dwl-disp').innerText = '

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+ dwl.toFixed(2);\n\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch7-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = q =\u0026gt; pad.left + (q \/ 100) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = pr =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (pr \/ 110) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(0) + 6}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Q\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${pad.top - 12}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Shaded Consumer Surplus Polygon --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(0)},${scaleY(100)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(100 - transQ)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(p)} ${scaleX(0)},${scaleY(p)}\" fill=\"rgba(56, 189, 248, 0.35)\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(transQ\/3)}\" y=\"${scaleY(p + 15)}\" fill=\"#7dd3fc\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Consumer Surplus (CS)\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Shaded Producer Surplus Polygon --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(0)},${scaleY(20)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(20 + transQ)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(p)} ${scaleX(0)},${scaleY(p)}\" fill=\"rgba(245, 158, 11, 0.35)\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(transQ\/3)}\" y=\"${scaleY(p - 15)}\" fill=\"#fde68a\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Producer Surplus (PS)\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- DWL Triangle if restricted --\u0026gt;\n ${transQ \u0026lt; eqQ ? `\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(100 - transQ)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(20 + transQ)} ${scaleX(eqQ)},${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.45)\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(transQ) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"#fca5a5\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;DWL\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Demand \u0026amp; Supply lines --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(0)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(100)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(85)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(15)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"3.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(85) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(15)}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;D\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(0)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(20)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(80)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(100)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"3.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(80) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(100)}\" fill=\"#f59e0b\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;S\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 14 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function setCh14Price(p) {\n document.getElementById('ch14-p-range').value = p;\n renderCh14Graph();\n }\n\n function renderCh14Graph() {\n const p = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch14-p-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch14-p-disp').innerText = '

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+ p.toFixed(1);\n\n const q = Math.max(5, (p - 10) \/ 0.6);\n const atc = 250 \/ q + 10 + 0.3 * q;\n const avc = 10 + 0.3 * q;\n const minAtc = 2 * Math.sqrt(250 * 0.3) + 10;\n\n const profit = (p - atc) * q;\n\n document.getElementById('ch14-q-disp').innerText = q.toFixed(0) + ' Units';\n document.getElementById('ch14-atc-disp').innerText = '

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+ atc.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch14-avc-disp').innerText = '

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+ avc.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch14-profit-disp').innerText = (profit \u0026gt;= 0 ? '+

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: '-

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) + Math.abs(profit).toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch14-profit-disp').className = profit \u0026gt;= 0 ? \"text-emerald-400 font-extrabold\" : \"text-rose-400 font-extrabold\";\n\n const badge = document.getElementById('ch14-decision-badge');\n const desc = document.getElementById('ch14-decision-desc');\n const box = document.getElementById('ch14-decision-box');\n\n if (p \u0026lt; avc) {\n box.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-rose-950\/70 border-rose-500\/50 space-y-1\";\n badge.innerText = \"SHUT DOWN IMMEDIATELY (P \u0026lt; AVC)\";\n badge.className = \"text-rose-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block font-bold\";\n desc.innerText = \"P fails to cover variable operating costs (wages and materials). Producing units adds to losses. Shut down to lose only fixed costs!\";\n } else if (p \u0026lt; atc) {\n box.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-amber-950\/70 border-amber-500\/50 space-y-1\";\n badge.innerText = \"OPERATE AT SHORT-RUN LOSS (AVC \u2264 P \u0026lt; ATC)\";\n badge.className = \"text-amber-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block font-bold\";\n desc.innerText = \"Short Run: P covers all variable costs and pays toward fixed rent. Stay open! Long Run: Exit the industry if market price remains below ATC.\";\n } else if (Math.abs(p - minAtc) \u0026lt; 1.5) {\n box.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-sky-950\/70 border-sky-500\/50 space-y-1\";\n badge.innerText = \"LONG RUN EQUILIBRIUM (Zero Profit)\";\n badge.className = \"text-sky-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block font-bold\";\n desc.innerText = \"P = min ATC. Economic profit is zero. The firm earns a normal accounting return on capital; no incentive for industry entry or exit.\";\n } else {\n box.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-emerald-950\/70 border-emerald-500\/50 space-y-1\";\n badge.innerText = \"EARNING SUPERNORMAL PROFIT (P \u0026gt; ATC)\";\n badge.className = \"text-emerald-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block font-bold\";\n desc.innerText = \"Profits attract new domestic and foreign entrants, expanding market supply until price is driven back to minimum ATC.\";\n }\n\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch14-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = qu =\u0026gt; pad.left + (qu \/ 100) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = pr =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (pr \/ 90) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n let mcPath = `M ${scaleX(10)} ${scaleY(16)}`;\n for (let qu = 15; qu \u0026lt;= 95; qu += 5) mcPath += ` L ${scaleX(qu)} ${scaleY(10 + 0.6 * qu)}`;\n\n let atcPath = `M ${scaleX(10)} ${scaleY(250\/10 + 10 + 0.3*10)}`;\n for (let qu = 15; qu \u0026lt;= 95; qu += 5) atcPath += ` L ${scaleX(qu)} ${scaleY(250\/qu + 10 + 0.3*qu)}`;\n\n let avcPath = `M ${scaleX(10)} ${scaleY(10 + 0.3*10)}`;\n for (let qu = 15; qu \u0026lt;= 95; qu += 5) avcPath += ` L ${scaleX(qu)} ${scaleY(10 + 0.3*qu)}`;\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(0) + 6}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Q\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${pad.top - 12}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;P, C\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n ${p \u0026gt;= avc ? `\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${scaleY(Math.max(p, atc))}\" width=\"${scaleX(q) - pad.left}\" height=\"${Math.abs(scaleY(p) - scaleY(atc))}\" fill=\"${profit \u0026gt;= 0 ? 'rgba(16, 185, 129, 0.3)' : 'rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.3)'}\" stroke=\"${profit \u0026gt;= 0 ? '#10b981' : '#f43f5e'}\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n\n \u0026lt;path d=\"${avcPath}\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-dasharray=\"6,4\" fill=\"none\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(90)}\" y=\"${scaleY(10 + 0.3*90) - 10}\" fill=\"#10b981\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;AVC\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;path d=\"${atcPath}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"3.5\" fill=\"none\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(90)}\" y=\"${scaleY(250\/90 + 10 + 0.3*90) - 10}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;ATC\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;path d=\"${mcPath}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4.5\" fill=\"none\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(90)}\" y=\"${scaleY(10 + 0.6*90) - 10}\" fill=\"#f59e0b\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;MC\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(p)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(p)}\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right - 90}\" y=\"${scaleY(p) - 8}\" fill=\"#f43f5e\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;P = MR\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;circle cx=\"${scaleX(q)}\" cy=\"${scaleY(p)}\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#f43f5e\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(q)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(p)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(q)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#94a3b8\" stroke-dasharray=\"4,4\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(q)}\" y=\"${scaleY(0) + 18}\" fill=\"#ffffff\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\" text-anchor=\"middle\"\u0026gt;Q* = ${q.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ ACCORDION HINT TOGGLE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function toggleAccordion(hintId) {\n const el = document.getElementById(hintId);\n const arrow = document.getElementById(hintId + '-arrow');\n if (el.classList.contains('hidden')) {\n el.classList.remove('hidden');\n if (arrow) arrow.innerText = '\u25b2';\n } else {\n el.classList.add('hidden');\n if (arrow) arrow.innerText = '\u25bc';\n }\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ WINDOW INITIALIZATION\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n window.onload = function() {\n renderCh1Matrix();\n runCh1Simulator();\n renderCh4Graph();\n renderCh5Graph();\n renderCh6Graph();\n renderCh7Graph();\n renderCh14Graph();\n };\n \u0026lt;\/script\u0026gt;\n\u0026lt;\/body\u0026gt;\n\u0026lt;\/html\u0026gt;","render_as_iframe":true,"selected_app_name":"HtmlApp","app_list":"{\"HtmlApp\":9394066}"}}},{"type":"Slide","id":"f_82a2ab0a-dfd7-430e-b738-c7bd62dde6a5","defaultValue":true,"template_name":"html","components":{"slideSettings":{"type":"SlideSettings","id":"f_875572a9-24d7-4469-bb4c-19d207ad3396","defaultValue":true,"show_nav":true,"hidden_section":false,"hidden_mobile_section":false,"name":"App Store","sync_key":null},"text1":{"type":"RichText","id":"f_d08f898f-2c70-4dad-a17b-051ce413a9b4","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block; \"\u003e\u003cp class=\" s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChapters 1,4,5,6,7 \u0026amp; 14: Microeconomics Review\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1,"lineAlignment":{"firstLineTextAlign":"right","lastLineTextAlign":"right"},"defaultDataProcessed":true},"text2":{"type":"RichText","id":"f_7805201d-87a9-474e-bc7d-8498f416f15c","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block; \"\u003e\u003cp class=\" s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiliBili Version Below\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1,"lineAlignment":{"firstLineTextAlign":"right","lastLineTextAlign":"right"},"defaultDataProcessed":true},"background1":{"type":"Background","id":"f_a466d785-94a4-4f3e-b6d7-aa2f1a345bd1","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/f_auto,q_auto,w_4096\/unsplashcom\/photo-1616323691211-37bd3af33608","textColor":"overlay","backgroundVariation":"","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoUrl":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/f_auto,q_auto,w_4096\/unsplashcom\/photo-1616323691211-37bd3af33608","storage":"un","format":null,"h":720,"w":1080,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"html1":{"type":"HtmlComponent","id":28004615,"defaultValue":false,"value":"\u0026lt;!DOCTYPE html\u0026gt;\n\u0026lt;html lang=\"en\"\u0026gt;\n\u0026lt;head\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;meta charset=\"UTF-8\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=5.0, user-scalable=yes\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;title\u0026gt;Principles of Microeconomics - Mobile Review \u0026amp;amp; Interactive Lab\u0026lt;\/title\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Tailwind CSS CDN --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.tailwindcss.com\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/script\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Google Font: Raleway \u0026amp; JetBrains Mono --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700;800\u0026amp;family=Raleway:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;0,800;1,400;1,600\u0026amp;display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;style\u0026gt;\n \/* ==========================================================================\n MOBILE-FIRST TYPOGRAPHY \u0026amp; FLUID SIZING (18-22px BODY, RELAXED SPACING)\n ========================================================================== *\/\n *, *::before, *::after {\n box-sizing: border-box;\n -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;\n }\n\n html {\n font-size: 18px; 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\/* 16:9 *\/\n border-radius: 12px;\n overflow: hidden;\n background: #000000;\n }\n\n .video-aspect-box iframe {\n position: absolute;\n top: 0;\n left: 0;\n width: 100%;\n height: 100%;\n border: none;\n }\n\n \/* Modal Backdrop *\/\n .modal-overlay {\n background-color: rgba(3, 7, 18, 0.88);\n backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\n }\n\n \/* Horizontal scroll without visual scrollbar for navigation chips *\/\n .no-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar {\n display: none;\n }\n .no-scrollbar {\n -ms-overflow-style: none;\n scrollbar-width: none;\n }\n \u0026lt;\/style\u0026gt;\n\u0026lt;\/head\u0026gt;\n\u0026lt;body class=\"flex flex-col min-h-screen\"\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- 1. STICKY TOP HEADER \u0026amp; MOBILE TOUCH MENU --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;header class=\"sticky top-0 z-40 bg-[#091124]\/95 border-b border-slate-800 backdrop-blur-md\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"max-w-7xl mx-auto px-4 py-3 flex items-center justify-between gap-3\"\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;!-- Brand \u0026amp; Course Tag --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-3\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"h-11 w-11 rounded-xl bg-gradient-to-tr from-sky-500 to-indigo-600 flex items-center justify-center font-extrabold text-white text-2xl shadow-lg shadow-sky-500\/25 shrink-0\"\u0026gt;\n \u03bc\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2 flex-wrap\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xl md:text-2xl font-extrabold text-white tracking-tight\"\u0026gt;MicroEconomics Lab\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs uppercase font-bold tracking-wider px-2 py-0.5 rounded bg-sky-950\/90 border border-sky-400\/50 text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;Huashang JMB0024L\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm text-slate-400 font-medium hidden sm:inline-block\"\u0026gt;Mid-Term Review \u0026amp;amp; Catch-Up \u2022 Chapters 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 \u0026amp;amp; 14\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Quick Video Trigger \u0026amp; Mobile Menu Toggle Button --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openVideoPlayer('BV1HK4y1W7Ay', 'MRU Principles of Microeconomics: Full Course')\" class=\"hidden md:flex items-center gap-2 px-3.5 py-2 rounded-lg bg-emerald-950\/80 border border-emerald-500\/50 text-emerald-300 hover:bg-emerald-900 transition text-sm font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-4 h-4 fill-current\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path d=\"M8 5v14l11-7z\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;MRU Full Series (BV1HK4y1W7Ay)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Mobile Drawer Button (min 48px hit area) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"toggleMobileDrawer()\" class=\"lg:hidden touch-btn p-2.5 rounded-xl bg-slate-800 text-slate-200 hover:text-white hover:bg-slate-700 focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-sky-500\" aria-label=\"Toggle navigation\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-6 h-6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M4 6h16M4 12h16m-7 6h7\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Mobile Horizontal Chapter Chips (Touch-Swipeable, Zero Overflow) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;nav class=\"max-w-7xl mx-auto px-3 py-2 overflow-x-auto no-scrollbar flex items-center space-x-2 border-t border-slate-800\/80\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch1')\" id=\"chip-ch1\" class=\"chip-btn px-4 py-2 rounded-xl text-sm md:text-base font-bold whitespace-nowrap bg-sky-600 text-white shadow\"\u0026gt;\n Ch 1: Ten Principles\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch4')\" id=\"chip-ch4\" class=\"chip-btn px-4 py-2 rounded-xl text-sm md:text-base font-semibold whitespace-nowrap text-slate-300 hover:text-white hover:bg-slate-800 transition\"\u0026gt;\n Ch 4: Supply \u0026amp;amp; Demand\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch5')\" id=\"chip-ch5\" class=\"chip-btn px-4 py-2 rounded-xl text-sm md:text-base font-semibold whitespace-nowrap text-slate-300 hover:text-white hover:bg-slate-800 transition\"\u0026gt;\n Ch 5: Elasticity \u0026amp;amp; TR\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch6')\" id=\"chip-ch6\" class=\"chip-btn px-4 py-2 rounded-xl text-sm md:text-base font-semibold whitespace-nowrap text-slate-300 hover:text-white hover:bg-slate-800 transition\"\u0026gt;\n Ch 6: Controls \u0026amp;amp; Taxes\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch7')\" id=\"chip-ch7\" class=\"chip-btn px-4 py-2 rounded-xl text-sm md:text-base font-semibold whitespace-nowrap text-slate-300 hover:text-white hover:bg-slate-800 transition\"\u0026gt;\n Ch 7: Welfare \u0026amp;amp; Surplus\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch14')\" id=\"chip-ch14\" class=\"chip-btn px-4 py-2 rounded-xl text-sm md:text-base font-semibold whitespace-nowrap text-slate-300 hover:text-white hover:bg-slate-800 transition\"\u0026gt;\n Ch 14: Competitive Firm\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('practice')\" id=\"chip-practice\" class=\"chip-btn px-4 py-2 rounded-xl text-sm md:text-base font-bold whitespace-nowrap text-amber-300 bg-amber-950\/50 border border-amber-600\/50 transition\"\u0026gt;\n Exam Practice \u0026amp;amp; Hints\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/nav\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Collapsible Mobile Drawer --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"mobile-drawer\" class=\"hidden lg:hidden bg-[#091124] border-t border-slate-800 px-4 py-3 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch1'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-bold text-white bg-sky-600\"\u0026gt;Chapter 1: Ten Principles of Economics\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch4'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-medium text-slate-200 hover:bg-slate-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 4: Market Forces (Supply \u0026amp;amp; Demand)\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch5'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-medium text-slate-200 hover:bg-slate-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 5: Elasticity \u0026amp;amp; Total Revenue\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch6'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-medium text-slate-200 hover:bg-slate-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 6: Price Controls \u0026amp;amp; Tax Incidence\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch7'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-medium text-slate-200 hover:bg-slate-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 7: Welfare, Surplus \u0026amp;amp; Efficiency\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('ch14'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-medium text-slate-200 hover:bg-slate-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 14: Competitive Firms \u0026amp;amp; Supply\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"switchChapter('practice'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"w-full text-left touch-btn px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-base font-bold text-amber-300 bg-amber-950\/60 border border-amber-600\/40\"\u0026gt;Midterm Practice \u0026amp;amp; Accordion Hints\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;div class=\"pt-2 border-t border-slate-800 flex justify-between items-center text-sm\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;MRU Bilibili Quick Launcher:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openVideoPlayer('BV1A4411f7MZ', 'Microeconomics Bilingual Subtitles'); toggleMobileDrawer();\" class=\"font-bold text-emerald-400 underline\"\u0026gt;\n Open Video Player\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/header\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- 2. MAIN WORKSPACE CONTAINER --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;main class=\"flex-1 max-w-7xl w-full mx-auto px-3 sm:px-5 md:px-6 py-5\"\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 1: CHAPTER 1 - TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-ch1\" class=\"chapter-module space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Title Card --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-sky-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-sky-400 bg-sky-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-sky-800\"\u0026gt;Foundation Chapter 1\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Mankiw Principles of Economics\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;Ten Principles: Building the Economic Way of Thinking\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Economics is the study of how society manages scarce resources. Rational managers evaluate trade-offs, compute opportunity costs, and optimize \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;at the margin\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; where Marginal Benefit exceeds Marginal Cost.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Two Column Fluid Stack --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-12 gap-6 items-start\"\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;!-- Left: Interactive Marginal Calculator (Cols 5) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-5 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-sky-300 mb-2\"\u0026gt;Principle 3: Standby Marginal Thinking\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed mb-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;The Airline Seat Dilemma:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; A 200-seat flight from Guangzhou to Beijing costs \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;$100,000\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; total ($500 average cost per seat). With 2 empty seats remaining 15 minutes before departure, a standby passenger offers to pay.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n What is the rational managerial decision? Drag the offer slider to test:\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Slider Card (min 48px target) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;Standby Offer Price:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch1-slider-val\" class=\"font-code text-xl font-extrabold text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;$300\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch1-offer-input\" min=\"10\" max=\"600\" value=\"300\" step=\"10\" oninput=\"runCh1Simulator()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-xs font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$10\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-amber-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;Marginal Cost: $20 (Snack\/Fuel)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$600\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Decision Verdict Banner --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"ch1-verdict-card\" class=\"p-4 rounded-xl border transition-all duration-200 bg-emerald-950\/70 border-emerald-500\/50\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2 mb-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch1-verdict-dot\" class=\"h-3 w-3 rounded-full bg-emerald-400 animate-pulse\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch1-verdict-heading\" class=\"font-extrabold text-base uppercase text-emerald-300 tracking-wide\"\u0026gt;SELL THE SEAT!\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p id=\"ch1-verdict-desc\" class=\"text-base text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Marginal Benefit (\u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;$300\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;) exceeds Marginal Cost (\u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;$20\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;). Net flight profit increases by \u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;+$280\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;. Past average cost ($500) is irrelevant to this marginal choice!\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Principle 2 Opportunity Cost --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h4 class=\"text-base font-bold text-amber-400 mb-1.5\"\u0026gt;Principle 2: True Opportunity Cost\u0026lt;\/h4\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n True cost is whatever you sacrifice. For college students in Guangzhou, the largest economic cost of completing an undergraduate degree is not books or tuition\u2014it is the \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;four years of foregone full-time income\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Right: Interactive Matrix \u0026amp; China Model (Cols 7) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-7 space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamic Chart \/ Matrix --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Ten Principles Framework Navigator\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;!-- Tab Switchers --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex gap-1 bg-slate-900 p-1 rounded-lg border border-slate-800 text-xs sm:text-sm font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh1View('decisions')\" id=\"ch1-view-1\" class=\"px-3 py-1.5 rounded-md bg-sky-600 text-white shadow\"\u0026gt;1\u20134: Decisions\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh1View('interactions')\" id=\"ch1-view-2\" class=\"px-3 py-1.5 rounded-md text-slate-300 hover:text-white\"\u0026gt;5\u20137: Interactions\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh1View('macro')\" id=\"ch1-view-3\" class=\"px-3 py-1.5 rounded-md text-slate-300 hover:text-white\"\u0026gt;8\u201310: Macro\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Responsive Chart Canvas --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"chart-box flex items-center justify-center p-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg id=\"ch1-matrix-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 620 330\" class=\"w-full h-auto max-h-[350px]\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Injected via JavaScript --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;p id=\"ch1-matrix-caption\" class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-300 italic border-l-4 border-sky-500 pl-3 py-1\"\u0026gt;\n \"How People Make Decisions\" centers on rational individual optimization when resources are scarce.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- China Dual-Governance Model \u0026amp; Video --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-2 gap-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- China Dual Governance Card --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#1c1407] rounded-xl p-4 border border-amber-600\/50 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase bg-red-600 text-white px-2 py-0.5 rounded\"\u0026gt;China Governance\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sm font-bold text-amber-200\"\u0026gt;Principles 6 \u0026amp;amp; 7 Harmonization\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n China balances Adam Smith\u2019s \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Invisible Hand\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; (P6: competitive pricing, GBA supply chain specialization) with a \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Proactive Government\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; (P7: infrastructure, high-speed rail freight, and national strategic reserve stabilization).\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Embedded Bilibili Resource Card --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#072013] rounded-xl p-4 border border-emerald-600\/50 flex flex-col justify-between space-y-3\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between mb-1\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-emerald-400\"\u0026gt;MRU Bilibili Lecture\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-code text-emerald-300 font-bold\"\u0026gt;BV1HK4y1W7Ay\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h4 class=\"text-sm md:text-base font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Ten Principles of Economics (Full Lecture)\u0026lt;\/h4\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-xs md:text-sm text-slate-300 leading-normal mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n Marginal Revolution University lecture covering scarcity, trade gains, and marginal analysis.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2 flex-wrap\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openVideoPlayer('BV1HK4y1W7Ay', 'MRU Ten Principles of Economics')\" class=\"touch-btn px-3 py-1.5 rounded-lg bg-emerald-600 hover:bg-emerald-500 text-white text-xs font-bold transition flex items-center gap-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-4 h-4 fill-current\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path d=\"M8 5v14l11-7z\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Play In-App Video\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.bilibili.com\/video\/BV1HK4y1W7Ay\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"text-xs text-emerald-400 hover:underline\"\u0026gt;\n Open Bilibili App \u2197\n \u0026lt;\/a\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 2: CHAPTER 4 - MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY \u0026amp; DEMAND --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-ch4\" class=\"chapter-module hidden space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-sky-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-sky-400 bg-sky-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-sky-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 4 Review\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Supply, Demand \u0026amp;amp; Equilibrium\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;The Market Forces of Supply and Demand\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Prices coordinate millions of decentralized buyers and sellers. Always distinguish a \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;movement along a curve\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; (caused strictly by price changes) from a \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;shift of a curve\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; (caused by non-price factors).\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-12 gap-6 items-start\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Controls Column (Cols 5) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-5 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;Equilibrium Shifter Controls\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;!-- Scenario Selector --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"space-y-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;label class=\"text-sm font-bold text-slate-200 block\"\u0026gt;Preset China \u0026amp;amp; Global Cases:\u0026lt;\/label\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;select id=\"ch4-preset-box\" onchange=\"applyCh4Preset()\" class=\"w-full bg-slate-900 border border-slate-700 text-slate-100 text-base rounded-xl p-3 focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-sky-500 font-medium\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;option value=\"baseline\"\u0026gt;Standard Baseline Market (P* = $60, Q* = 60)\u0026lt;\/option\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;option value=\"frost\"\u0026gt;South China Crop Frost \/ Typhoon (Supply Left)\u0026lt;\/option\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;option value=\"ev\"\u0026gt;EV Revolution: Scale Tech + Green Subsidies (D Right, S Right)\u0026lt;\/option\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;option value=\"logistics\"\u0026gt;GBA High-Speed Rail Freight Expansion (Supply Right)\u0026lt;\/option\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;option value=\"housing\"\u0026gt;Tier-1 Megacity Influx (Demand Right)\u0026lt;\/option\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/select\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Demand Slider --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;Demand Curve Shift (A):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch4-d-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;120\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch4-d-range\" min=\"80\" max=\"160\" value=\"120\" step=\"2\" oninput=\"renderCh4Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-xs text-slate-400 font-medium\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;D Left (Fewer Buyers)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Baseline\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;D Right (More Buyers)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Supply Slider --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-amber-400\"\u0026gt;Supply Curve Shift (C):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch4-s-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;0\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch4-s-range\" min=\"-30\" max=\"30\" value=\"0\" step=\"2\" oninput=\"renderCh4Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-xs text-slate-400 font-medium\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;S Left (Cost Spike)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Baseline\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;S Right (Tech Leap)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- 3-Step Analysis Card --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-950 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2 text-sm md:text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-emerald-400 block uppercase tracking-wider text-xs\"\u0026gt;Mankiw 3-Step Analysis Engine\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p id=\"ch4-step-desc\" class=\"text-slate-200 leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n 1. Determine if shock affects buyers or sellers.\u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\n 2. Trace curve shift direction.\u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\n 3. Identify new intersection point where market clears.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Chart Column (Cols 7) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-7 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Interactive Supply \u0026amp;amp; Demand Graph\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-3 font-code text-sm md:text-base font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;P* = $\u0026lt;span id=\"ch4-calc-p\"\u0026gt;60.0\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-amber-400\"\u0026gt;Q* = \u0026lt;span id=\"ch4-calc-q\"\u0026gt;60.0\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamic SVG Box --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"chart-box flex items-center justify-center p-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg id=\"ch4-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 360\" class=\"w-full h-auto max-h-[380px]\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamically drawn --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- China Application Card --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#1c1407] rounded-xl p-4 border border-amber-600\/50\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase bg-red-600 text-white px-2 py-0.5 rounded\"\u0026gt;China EV Application\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-amber-300 block mt-1.5 text-base\"\u0026gt;The Dual Shift in New Energy Vehicles (NEVs)\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 leading-relaxed mb-0 mt-1\"\u0026gt;\n Green plate policies shifted demand rightward, while high-efficiency battery automation (CATL, BYD) shifted supply rightward. Output expanded dramatically while unit vehicle prices remained competitive worldwide.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Bilibili Video Study Link --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"p-3 rounded-xl bg-emerald-950\/40 border border-emerald-600\/40 flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"text-sm\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-emerald-300 block\"\u0026gt;MRU Chapter 4 Video Lecture:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;Equilibrium shocks and market clearing prices.\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openVideoPlayer('BV1HK4y1W7Ay', 'Chapter 4 Supply and Demand')\" class=\"touch-btn px-3 py-1.5 rounded-lg bg-emerald-600 text-white text-xs font-bold hover:bg-emerald-500\"\u0026gt;\n Watch BV1HK4y1W7Ay\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 3: CHAPTER 5 - ELASTICITY \u0026amp; TOTAL REVENUE --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-ch5\" class=\"chapter-module hidden space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-emerald-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-emerald-400 bg-emerald-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-emerald-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 5 Review\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Elasticity \u0026amp;amp; Total Revenue\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;Price Elasticity of Demand \u0026amp;amp; Revenue Dynamics\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Elasticity measures consumer responsiveness to price changes. The \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Midpoint Method\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; prevents direction bias, while the \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Total Revenue Rule\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; determines whether price increases expand or diminish gross receipts.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-12 gap-6 items-start\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Controls Column (Cols 5) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-5 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;Midpoint Calculation Engine\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;!-- Price Point 1 Slider --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;Initial Price (P\u2081):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-p1-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;$40\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch5-p1-range\" min=\"15\" max=\"85\" value=\"40\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh5Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Price Point 2 Slider --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-emerald-400\"\u0026gt;Revised Price (P\u2082):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-p2-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;$60\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch5-p2-range\" min=\"15\" max=\"85\" value=\"60\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh5Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Calculation Math Display --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-950 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 font-code space-y-2 text-sm md:text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"text-xs uppercase text-slate-400 font-sans font-bold\"\u0026gt;Midpoint Formula Output:\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans\"\u0026gt;Percentage \u0394Q:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-pct-q\" class=\"text-amber-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;-40.0%\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans\"\u0026gt;Percentage \u0394P:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-pct-p\" class=\"text-sky-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;+40.0%\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-base md:text-lg border-t border-slate-800 pt-2 font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans text-white\"\u0026gt;Elasticity (|Ed|):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-ed-out\" class=\"text-emerald-400 text-xl font-extrabold\"\u0026gt;1.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Total Revenue Box --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-1.5 text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Initial TR (P\u2081 \u00d7 Q\u2081):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-tr1-disp\" class=\"font-code text-sky-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;$3,680\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Revised TR (P\u2082 \u00d7 Q\u2082):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-tr2-disp\" class=\"font-code text-emerald-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;$4,080\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p id=\"ch5-verdict-note\" class=\"text-sm md:text-base font-bold text-emerald-400 pt-2 border-t border-slate-800 mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n Price increase raised Total Revenue because demand is inelastic.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Chart Column (Cols 7) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-7 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Linear Demand \u0026amp;amp; Total Revenue Boxes\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch5-tag-badge\" class=\"px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs md:text-sm font-bold bg-sky-950 text-sky-300 border border-sky-700\"\u0026gt;Unitary Elastic\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamic SVG Box --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"chart-box flex items-center justify-center p-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg id=\"ch5-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 360\" class=\"w-full h-auto max-h-[380px]\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamically drawn --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- China Agriculture Paradox --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#1c1407] rounded-xl p-4 border border-amber-600\/50\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase bg-red-600 text-white px-2 py-0.5 rounded\"\u0026gt;China Agriculture Paradox\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-amber-300 block mt-1.5 text-base\"\u0026gt;\"Grain Hurts Farmers\" (\u8c37\u8d31\u4f24\u519c)\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 leading-relaxed mb-0 mt-1\"\u0026gt;\n Because demand for agricultural staples is strictly inelastic (|Ed| \u0026amp;lt; 0.4), bumper harvests cause market price to drop by a much larger percentage than quantity expands. Total farmer revenue plunges without government purchase price floors.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Bilibili Video Study Link --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"p-3 rounded-xl bg-emerald-950\/40 border border-emerald-600\/40 flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"text-sm\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-emerald-300 block\"\u0026gt;MRU Dedicated Elasticity Video:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;Elasticity of Demand \u0026amp;amp; Revenue (BV1tL4y137DX).\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openVideoPlayer('BV1tL4y137DX', 'MRU Elasticity of Demand')\" class=\"touch-btn px-3 py-1.5 rounded-lg bg-emerald-600 text-white text-xs font-bold hover:bg-emerald-500\"\u0026gt;\n Watch BV1tL4y137DX\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 4: CHAPTER 6 - GOVERNMENT CONTROLS \u0026amp; TAXES --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-ch6\" class=\"chapter-module hidden space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-amber-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-amber-400 bg-amber-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-amber-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 6 Review\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Controls \u0026amp;amp; Tax Incidence\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;Government Policies: Price Ceilings, Floors \u0026amp;amp; Taxes\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Price controls prevent markets from rationing scarce resources through prices. Learn why taxes on buyers and taxes on sellers are economically equivalent, and how relative elasticity dictates who really pays.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-12 gap-6 items-start\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Controls Column (Cols 5) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-5 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;Policy Instrument Selection\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Mode Selector (Touch targets \u0026gt;= 48px) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-3 gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh6Policy('ceiling')\" id=\"ch6-mode-ceil\" class=\"touch-btn rounded-xl text-sm font-bold bg-sky-600 text-white border border-sky-400 shadow\"\u0026gt;Price Ceiling\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh6Policy('floor')\" id=\"ch6-mode-flr\" class=\"touch-btn rounded-xl text-sm font-semibold bg-slate-800 text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-700 border border-slate-700\"\u0026gt;Price Floor\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh6Policy('tax')\" id=\"ch6-mode-tx\" class=\"touch-btn rounded-xl text-sm font-semibold bg-slate-800 text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-700 border border-slate-700\"\u0026gt;Tax Wedge\u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Price Level Slider --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"ch6-price-box\" class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-price-label\" class=\"text-base font-bold text-rose-400\"\u0026gt;Ceiling Price Limit:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-ctrl-val\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-rose-300\"\u0026gt;$35.0\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch6-price-range\" min=\"20\" max=\"80\" value=\"35\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh6Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-xs text-slate-400 font-medium\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$20 (Low)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Equilibrium: $50\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$80 (High)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Tax Amount Slider (Visible in Tax Mode) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"ch6-tax-box\" class=\"hidden bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-amber-400\"\u0026gt;Excise Tax Per Unit:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-tax-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;$20\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch6-tax-range\" min=\"5\" max=\"35\" value=\"20\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh6Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Live Diagnostic Output --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-950 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2 text-sm md:text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Binding Status:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-status-text\" class=\"font-bold text-rose-400\"\u0026gt;BINDING CEILING\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-imbalance-label\" class=\"text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Shortage (Qd - Qs):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-imbalance-val\" class=\"font-code font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;45 Units\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Deadweight Loss:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch6-dwl-disp\" class=\"font-code font-bold text-rose-400\"\u0026gt;$225.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;p id=\"ch6-explainer-text\" class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed bg-slate-900\/60 p-3.5 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n A binding price ceiling holds rent or fuel prices below market equilibrium. Lines, waitlists, and quality decline replace the free-market price mechanism.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Chart Column (Cols 7) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-7 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 id=\"ch6-chart-header\" class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Price Ceiling Shortage Visualizer\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-code text-slate-300 font-bold\"\u0026gt;P* = $50 | Q* = 70\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamic SVG Box --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"chart-box flex items-center justify-center p-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg id=\"ch6-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 360\" class=\"w-full h-auto max-h-[380px]\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamically drawn --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- China Governance Lens --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#1c1407] rounded-xl p-4 border border-amber-600\/50\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase bg-red-600 text-white px-2 py-0.5 rounded\"\u0026gt;China Policy Mechanism\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-amber-300 block mt-1.5 text-base\"\u0026gt;\"Ensure Supply and Stabilize Prices\" (\u4fdd\u4f9b\u7a33\u4ef7)\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 leading-relaxed mb-0 mt-1\"\u0026gt;\n Rather than permanent price ceilings that create black markets, China manages commodity shocks by releasing strategic physical reserves (pork, grain, coal), shifting market supply rightward to defend livelihoods without shortages.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Bilibili Video Study Link --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"p-3 rounded-xl bg-emerald-950\/40 border border-emerald-600\/40 flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"text-sm\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-emerald-300 block\"\u0026gt;MRU Price Controls \u0026amp;amp; Taxes Lecture:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;Price ceilings, minimum wages, and tax wedge burden.\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openVideoPlayer('BV1A4411f7MZ', 'Price Controls \u0026amp; Taxes')\" class=\"touch-btn px-3 py-1.5 rounded-lg bg-emerald-600 text-white text-xs font-bold hover:bg-emerald-500\"\u0026gt;\n Watch BV1A4411f7MZ\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 5: CHAPTER 7 - WELFARE \u0026amp; EFFICIENCY --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-ch7\" class=\"chapter-module hidden space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-sky-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-sky-400 bg-sky-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-sky-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 7 Review\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Consumers, Producers \u0026amp;amp; Efficiency\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;Welfare Economics: Total Surplus Maximization\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Consumer Surplus (CS)\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; is the benefit buyers receive above what they paid; \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Producer Surplus (PS)\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; is the benefit sellers receive above their cost. Competitive market equilibrium maximizes the economic pie (Total Surplus = CS + PS).\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-12 gap-6 items-start\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Controls Column (Cols 5) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-5 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;Surplus Partition \u0026amp;amp; Quotas\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Transacted Price Slider --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;Market Price (P):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch7-p-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;$50.0\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch7-p-range\" min=\"20\" max=\"80\" value=\"50\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh7Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-xs text-slate-400 font-medium\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$20 (High CS)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Equilibrium: $50\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$80 (High PS)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Quantity Cap Slider --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-amber-400\"\u0026gt;Output Volume Cap (Q):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch7-q-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;60 Units\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch7-q-range\" min=\"20\" max=\"60\" value=\"60\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh7Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Restricting Q below Q* (60) creates unrecoverable Deadweight Loss.\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Live Surplus Accounting --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-950 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 font-code space-y-2 text-sm md:text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans\"\u0026gt;Consumer Surplus (CS):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch7-cs-disp\" class=\"font-bold\"\u0026gt;$1,500.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans\"\u0026gt;Producer Surplus (PS):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch7-ps-disp\" class=\"font-bold\"\u0026gt;$1,500.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-white font-extrabold text-base md:text-lg border-t border-slate-800 pt-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans\"\u0026gt;Total Surplus (CS + PS):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch7-ts-disp\" class=\"text-emerald-400\"\u0026gt;$3,000.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-rose-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans\"\u0026gt;Deadweight Loss (DWL):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch7-dwl-disp\"\u0026gt;$0.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"resetCh7Planner()\" class=\"w-full touch-btn rounded-xl bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 text-white font-bold text-base transition shadow\"\u0026gt;\n Reset to Benevolent Social Planner Optimum\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Chart Column (Cols 7) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-7 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Shaded Welfare Polygons\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-3 text-xs md:text-sm font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;Blue: CS\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-amber-400\"\u0026gt;Amber: PS\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-rose-400\"\u0026gt;Red: DWL\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamic SVG Box --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"chart-box flex items-center justify-center p-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg id=\"ch7-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 360\" class=\"w-full h-auto max-h-[380px]\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamically drawn --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- China Digital Platform Application --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#081a29] rounded-xl p-4 border border-sky-600\/50\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase bg-sky-600 text-white px-2 py-0.5 rounded\"\u0026gt;China Digital Platform Economy\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-sky-200 block mt-1.5 text-base\"\u0026gt;E-Commerce Platforms \u0026amp;amp; Surplus Creation\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 leading-relaxed mb-0 mt-1\"\u0026gt;\n Platforms like Taobao, JD, and Pinduoduo lower consumer search frictions, expanding \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Consumer Surplus\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; for remote rural areas, while giving efficient manufacturing clusters in Guangdong and Zhejiang national market scale (expanding \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Producer Surplus\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;).\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Bilibili Video Study Link --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"p-3 rounded-xl bg-emerald-950\/40 border border-emerald-600\/40 flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"text-sm\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-emerald-300 block\"\u0026gt;MRU Chapter 7 Video Lecture:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;Consumer Surplus, Producer Surplus \u0026amp;amp; The Invisible Hand.\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openVideoPlayer('BV1HK4y1W7Ay', 'Consumer and Producer Surplus')\" class=\"touch-btn px-3 py-1.5 rounded-lg bg-emerald-600 text-white text-xs font-bold hover:bg-emerald-500\"\u0026gt;\n Watch on Bilibili\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 6: CHAPTER 14 - COMPETITIVE FIRMS \u0026amp; SUPPLY --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-ch14\" class=\"chapter-module hidden space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-rose-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-rose-400 bg-rose-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-rose-800\"\u0026gt;Chapter 14 Review\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Competitive Firm Supply\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;Competitive Firms: P = MR = MC \u0026amp;amp; Shutdown Rules\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n A competitive price-taker maximizes profit where \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Price = Marginal Cost\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;. In the short run, fixed overhead is \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;sunk\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;\u2014shut down only if \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;P \u0026amp;lt; AVC\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;. In the long run, exit if \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;P \u0026amp;lt; ATC\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;, driving economic profit to zero.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-12 gap-6 items-start\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Controls Column (Cols 5) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-5 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-rose-300\"\u0026gt;Exogenous Price Setting\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Price Slider --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-900\/90 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between items-center\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-base font-bold text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;Market Price (P = MR):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch14-p-disp\" class=\"font-code text-lg font-bold text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;$42.0\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"touch-target-row\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;input type=\"range\" id=\"ch14-p-range\" min=\"15\" max=\"75\" value=\"42\" step=\"1\" oninput=\"renderCh14Graph()\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-xs text-slate-400 font-medium\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$15 (Shutdown)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Min ATC ($38)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;$75 (Super Profit)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Quick Test Decision Presets --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"space-y-1.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;label class=\"text-sm font-bold text-slate-200 block\"\u0026gt;Test Decision Scenarios:\u0026lt;\/label\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-3 gap-2 text-sm font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh14Price(58)\" class=\"touch-btn rounded-xl bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 text-emerald-400 border border-slate-700 text-center\"\u0026gt;\n P \u0026amp;gt; ATC\u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs text-slate-300 font-normal\"\u0026gt;Super Profit\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh14Price(38)\" class=\"touch-btn rounded-xl bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 text-sky-400 border border-slate-700 text-center\"\u0026gt;\n P = Min ATC\u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs text-slate-300 font-normal\"\u0026gt;Zero Profit\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"setCh14Price(22)\" class=\"touch-btn rounded-xl bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 text-rose-400 border border-slate-700 text-center\"\u0026gt;\n P \u0026amp;lt; AVC\u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs text-slate-300 font-normal\"\u0026gt;Shutdown\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Cost Output Metrics --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-slate-950 p-4 rounded-xl border border-slate-800 font-code space-y-2 text-sm md:text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;Optimal Output (Q*):\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch14-q-disp\" class=\"font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;53 Units\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;Average Total Cost:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch14-atc-disp\" class=\"text-sky-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;$39.60\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;Average Variable Cost:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch14-avc-disp\" class=\"text-emerald-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;$26.00\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex justify-between text-base md:text-lg border-t border-slate-800 pt-2 font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"font-sans text-white\"\u0026gt;Economic Profit:\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"ch14-profit-disp\" class=\"text-emerald-400\"\u0026gt;+$127.20\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Managerial Verdict Banner --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"ch14-decision-box\" class=\"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-emerald-950\/60 border-emerald-500\/50 space-y-1\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong id=\"ch14-decision-badge\" class=\"text-emerald-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block\"\u0026gt;PROFITABLE OPERATION\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p id=\"ch14-decision-desc\" class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n Produce Q* where P = MC. In the long run, positive economic profit attracts new entrants, shifting industry supply rightward until P reaches min ATC.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Chart Column (Cols 7) --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"lg:col-span-7 bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Cost Curves \u0026amp;amp; Supply Thresholds\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-3 text-xs md:text-sm font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-amber-400\"\u0026gt;MC (Supply)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sky-400\"\u0026gt;ATC\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-emerald-400\"\u0026gt;AVC\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamic SVG Box --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"chart-box flex items-center justify-center p-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg id=\"ch14-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 360\" class=\"w-full h-auto max-h-[380px]\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Dynamically drawn --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- GBA Manufacturing Case --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#1c1407] rounded-xl p-4 border border-amber-600\/50\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase bg-red-600 text-white px-2 py-0.5 rounded\"\u0026gt;GBA Industrial Application\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-amber-300 block mt-1.5 text-base\"\u0026gt;Dongguan Electronics OEM Suppliers\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 leading-relaxed mb-0 mt-1\"\u0026gt;\n Electronic parts factories in Dongguan operate in highly competitive export markets. When global seasonal orders dip, managers apply the \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;P vs. AVC rule\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;: idling assembly lines (shutdown) when price cannot cover direct wages and materials, while maintaining factory leases to reopen when orders recover.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Bilibili Video Study Link --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"p-3 rounded-xl bg-emerald-950\/40 border border-emerald-600\/40 flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"text-sm\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-emerald-300 block\"\u0026gt;MRU Competitive Supply Lecture:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;Marginal revenue, cost curves, and shutdown vs exit.\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"openVideoPlayer('BV1A4411f7MZ', 'Competitive Firms \u0026amp; Profit Max')\" class=\"touch-btn px-3 py-1.5 rounded-lg bg-emerald-600 text-white text-xs font-bold hover:bg-emerald-500\"\u0026gt;\n Watch on Bilibili\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- MODULE 7: MIDTERM EXAM PRACTICE \u0026amp; ACCORDION HINTS --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;section id=\"module-practice\" class=\"chapter-module hidden space-y-6\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-7 border border-slate-800 border-t-4 border-t-amber-400 shadow-xl\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-widest text-amber-400 bg-amber-950 px-3 py-1 rounded-full border border-amber-800\"\u0026gt;Formative Assessment\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs md:text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Class Performance 20%\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h2 class=\"text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-extrabold text-white mb-3\"\u0026gt;Midterm Examination Practice with Step-by-Step Hints\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-lg md:text-xl text-slate-200 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Test your analytical problem-solving skills before the formal examination. Click any hint button to see step-by-step mathematical reasoning.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Problem Cards Grid --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-6\"\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;!-- Question 1: Midpoint Elasticity --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-6 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-sky-400 bg-sky-950 px-2.5 py-1 rounded border border-sky-800\"\u0026gt;Question 1 (20 Pts)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Chapter 5 Midpoint\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Cross-Border E-Commerce Pricing\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n A merchant in Guangzhou cuts the export price of Bluetooth earbuds from \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;$50 to $40\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;. Weekly overseas sales volume rises from \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;200 to 300 units\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;ul class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;(a) Calculate price elasticity of demand (|Ed|) using the midpoint formula.\u0026lt;\/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;(b) Did total revenue rise or fall? Explain why using the Total Revenue Rule.\u0026lt;\/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/ul\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Expandable Hint Accordion --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"pt-2 border-t border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"toggleAccordion('hint-q1')\" class=\"touch-btn w-full text-left text-sm font-bold text-amber-400 hover:text-amber-300 flex items-center justify-between rounded-lg bg-slate-900 px-3 py-2 border border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;\ud83d\udca1 View Easy-to-Understand Hint for Q1\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"hint-q1-arrow\"\u0026gt;\u25bc\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"hint-q1\" class=\"hidden mt-3 p-4 rounded-xl bg-slate-900\/90 border border-amber-600\/40 text-sm md:text-base space-y-2 text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-amber-300 block\"\u0026gt;Step-by-Step Derivation:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n 1. \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Midpoint Formula:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Always use the average of the two numbers as your base:\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"font-code text-xs text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;%\u0394Q = (300 \u2212 200) \/ 250 = +40%\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"font-code text-xs text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;%\u0394P = (40 \u2212 50) \/ 45 = \u221222.2%\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;Divide: 40% \u00f7 22.2% = \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;1.80 (Elastic)\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n 2. \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Revenue Rule:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; When demand is elastic (|Ed| \u0026amp;gt; 1), quantity changes faster than price. Lowering price increases total revenue (Initial TR = $10,000; New TR = $12,000)!\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Question 2: Equilibrium \u0026amp; Price Ceiling --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-6 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-emerald-400 bg-emerald-950 px-2.5 py-1 rounded border border-emerald-800\"\u0026gt;Question 2 (20 Pts)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Chapters 4 \u0026amp;amp; 6 Controls\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Market Equilibrium \u0026amp;amp; Price Ceiling\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Market demand is given by \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Qd = 120 \u2212 10P\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;, and market supply is \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Qs = 20P\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;ul class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;(a) Solve for competitive market clearing price P* and quantity Q*.\u0026lt;\/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;(b) If government sets a price ceiling of P = $3, calculate the shortage.\u0026lt;\/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/ul\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Expandable Hint Accordion --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"pt-2 border-t border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"toggleAccordion('hint-q2')\" class=\"touch-btn w-full text-left text-sm font-bold text-amber-400 hover:text-amber-300 flex items-center justify-between rounded-lg bg-slate-900 px-3 py-2 border border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;\ud83d\udca1 View Easy-to-Understand Hint for Q2\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"hint-q2-arrow\"\u0026gt;\u25bc\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"hint-q2\" class=\"hidden mt-3 p-4 rounded-xl bg-slate-900\/90 border border-amber-600\/40 text-sm md:text-base space-y-2 text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-amber-300 block\"\u0026gt;Step-by-Step Derivation:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n 1. \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Equilibrium:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Set Demand equal to Supply:\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"font-code text-xs text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;120 \u2212 10P = 20P \u21d2 30P = 120 \u21d2 P* = $4, Q* = 80.\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n 2. \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Price Ceiling Shortage:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Because the ceiling ($3) is cheaper than equilibrium ($4), it binds:\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"font-code text-xs text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;Qd = 120 \u2212 10(3) = 90 buyers\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u0026lt;span class=\"font-code text-xs text-sky-300\"\u0026gt;Qs = 20(3) = 60 sellers\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;Shortage = 90 \u2212 60 = \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;30 units\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Question 3: Competitive Firm Shutdown --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-6 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-amber-400 bg-amber-950 px-2.5 py-1 rounded border border-amber-800\"\u0026gt;Question 3 (20 Pts)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Chapter 14 Costs\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Competitive Firm Shutdown Rule\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n A price-taking supplier faces market price \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;P = $18\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;. At optimal output Q* = 500, average total cost is \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;ATC = $22\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; and average variable cost is \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;AVC = $15\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;ul class=\"text-sm md:text-base text-slate-200 space-y-2\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;(a) Should the firm shut down immediately in the short run?\u0026lt;\/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;(b) What decision should the firm make in the long run?\u0026lt;\/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/ul\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Expandable Hint Accordion --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"pt-2 border-t border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"toggleAccordion('hint-q3')\" class=\"touch-btn w-full text-left text-sm font-bold text-amber-400 hover:text-amber-300 flex items-center justify-between rounded-lg bg-slate-900 px-3 py-2 border border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;\ud83d\udca1 View Easy-to-Understand Hint for Q3\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"hint-q3-arrow\"\u0026gt;\u25bc\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"hint-q3\" class=\"hidden mt-3 p-4 rounded-xl bg-slate-900\/90 border border-amber-600\/40 text-sm md:text-base space-y-2 text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-amber-300 block\"\u0026gt;Step-by-Step Derivation:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-2\"\u0026gt;\n 1. \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Short Run:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Fixed costs are already sunk (spilt milk). As long as Price ($18) covers Average Variable Cost ($15), stay open! Every unit sold gives $3 toward paying fixed rent.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n 2. \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Long Run:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; All costs become avoidable. Because Price ($18) is lower than Average Total Cost ($22), the firm suffers economic losses and should \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;exit the industry\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; permanently.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Question 4: China Policy Synthesis Essay --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#0e162a] rounded-2xl p-5 md:p-6 border border-slate-800 shadow-lg space-y-4\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-xs font-bold uppercase text-rose-400 bg-rose-950 px-2.5 py-1 rounded border border-rose-800\"\u0026gt;Question 4 (40 Pts)\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-sm font-semibold text-slate-400\"\u0026gt;Policy Synthesis\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;China Dual-Governance Synthesis\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-base text-slate-300 leading-relaxed\"\u0026gt;\n Explain why China utilizes strategic national grain and coal reserves (\u4fdd\u4f9b\u7a33\u4ef7) rather than permanent price ceilings during global commodity shocks. Compare the deadweight loss outcomes.\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Expandable Hint Accordion --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"pt-2 border-t border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"toggleAccordion('hint-q4')\" class=\"touch-btn w-full text-left text-sm font-bold text-amber-400 hover:text-amber-300 flex items-center justify-between rounded-lg bg-slate-900 px-3 py-2 border border-slate-800\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;\ud83d\udca1 View Easy-to-Understand Hint for Q4\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span id=\"hint-q4-arrow\"\u0026gt;\u25bc\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"hint-q4\" class=\"hidden mt-3 p-4 rounded-xl bg-slate-900\/90 border border-amber-600\/40 text-sm md:text-base space-y-2 text-slate-200\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-amber-300 block\"\u0026gt;Step-by-Step Derivation:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"leading-relaxed mb-0\"\u0026gt;\n \u2022 \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Ceiling outcome:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Suppresses prices artificially without increasing physical goods. Causes deadweight loss, long lines, and black market speculation.\n \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u2022 \u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Reserves outcome:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Releasing physical reserves shifts the real market supply curve rightward, lowering equilibrium price naturally while clearing the market without shortages!\n \u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/section\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;\/main\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- 3. BILIBILI EMBEDDED VIDEO MODAL PLAYER --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div id=\"video-modal-box\" class=\"fixed inset-0 z-50 modal-overlay hidden flex items-center justify-center p-3 sm:p-5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"bg-[#091124] border border-slate-700 w-full max-w-4xl rounded-2xl overflow-hidden shadow-2xl flex flex-col\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- Modal Header --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"px-5 py-3.5 bg-[#0e1a38] border-b border-slate-800 flex items-center justify-between\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-2.5\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"h-3 w-3 rounded-full bg-emerald-400 animate-pulse\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3 id=\"modal-video-title\" class=\"text-base md:text-lg font-bold text-white\"\u0026gt;Bilibili Video Study Player\u0026lt;\/h3\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;button onclick=\"closeVideoPlayer()\" class=\"touch-btn text-slate-400 hover:text-white p-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-slate-800 transition\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;svg class=\"w-6 h-6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;path stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M6 18L18 6M6 6l12 12\"\/\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/svg\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/button\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Responsive 16:9 Video Aspect Box --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"p-3 sm:p-4 bg-black\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"video-aspect-box\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;iframe id=\"modal-iframe\" src=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" sandbox=\"allow-top-navigation allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/iframe\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Modal Footer --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"px-5 py-3 bg-[#091124] border-t border-slate-800 flex items-center justify-between text-xs md:text-sm text-slate-300\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Source: Marginal Revolution University (MRU) on Bilibili\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;a id=\"modal-ext-link\" href=\"#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"text-emerald-400 hover:underline font-bold\"\u0026gt;\n Open in Bilibili App \u2197\n \u0026lt;\/a\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- 4. FOOTER BAR --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;footer class=\"bg-[#091124] border-t border-slate-800 text-slate-400 py-6 px-4 mt-8\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"max-w-7xl mx-auto flex flex-col md:flex-row items-center justify-between gap-4 text-center md:text-left text-sm md:text-base\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;strong class=\"text-white\"\u0026gt;Principles of Economics (Microeconomics Midterm Review)\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;p class=\"text-slate-400 text-xs md:text-sm mt-1 mb-0\"\u0026gt;Guangzhou Huashang College \u2022 School of Digital Economics \u0026amp;amp; Trade \u2022 International Business\u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;div class=\"flex items-center gap-4 text-xs md:text-sm font-code\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-emerald-400 font-bold\"\u0026gt;\u25cf 100% Mobile Responsive\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span class=\"text-slate-600\"\u0026gt;|\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;span\u0026gt;Chapters 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 \u0026amp;amp; 14 Complete\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/footer\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- 5. JAVASCRIPT CONTROLLERS \u0026amp; DYNAMIC SVG ENGINES --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;!-- ========================================================================= --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;script\u0026gt;\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ TAB AND MOBILE NAVIGATION CONTROLLER\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function switchChapter(modKey) {\n document.querySelectorAll('.chapter-module').forEach(m =\u0026gt; m.classList.add('hidden'));\n const activeMod = document.getElementById('module-' + modKey);\n if (activeMod) activeMod.classList.remove('hidden');\n\n \/\/ Update chip styling\n document.querySelectorAll('.chip-btn').forEach(btn =\u0026gt; {\n btn.classList.remove('bg-sky-600', 'text-white', 'shadow');\n btn.classList.add('text-slate-300');\n });\n const activeChip = document.getElementById('chip-' + modKey);\n if (activeChip) {\n activeChip.classList.add('bg-sky-600', 'text-white', 'shadow');\n activeChip.classList.remove('text-slate-300');\n \/\/ Auto scroll chip into view on mobile\n activeChip.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'nearest', inline: 'center' });\n }\n\n \/\/ Redraw SVGs on view\n if (modKey === 'ch1') renderCh1Matrix();\n if (modKey === 'ch4') renderCh4Graph();\n if (modKey === 'ch5') renderCh5Graph();\n if (modKey === 'ch6') renderCh6Graph();\n if (modKey === 'ch7') renderCh7Graph();\n if (modKey === 'ch14') renderCh14Graph();\n\n window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' });\n }\n\n function toggleMobileDrawer() {\n const drawer = document.getElementById('mobile-drawer');\n drawer.classList.toggle('hidden');\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ BILIBILI MODAL CONTROLLER\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function openVideoPlayer(bvid, title) {\n const modal = document.getElementById('video-modal-box');\n const iframe = document.getElementById('modal-iframe');\n const headerTitle = document.getElementById('modal-video-title');\n const extLink = document.getElementById('modal-ext-link');\n\n headerTitle.innerText = title || \"Bilibili Video Study\";\n iframe.src = `https:\/\/player.bilibili.com\/player.html?bvid=${bvid}\u0026amp;page=1\u0026amp;high_quality=1\u0026amp;danmaku=0`;\n extLink.href = `https:\/\/www.bilibili.com\/video\/${bvid}\/`;\n\n modal.classList.remove('hidden');\n document.body.style.overflow = 'hidden';\n }\n\n function closeVideoPlayer() {\n const modal = document.getElementById('video-modal-box');\n const iframe = document.getElementById('modal-iframe');\n iframe.src = '';\n modal.classList.add('hidden');\n document.body.style.overflow = 'auto';\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 1 LOGIC \u0026amp; MARGINAL SIMULATOR\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n let ch1CurrentView = 'decisions';\n\n function setCh1View(view) {\n ch1CurrentView = view;\n ['decisions', 'interactions', 'macro'].forEach((v, i) =\u0026gt; {\n const btn = document.getElementById(`ch1-view-${i + 1}`);\n if (v === view) {\n btn.className = \"px-3 py-1.5 rounded-md bg-sky-600 text-white shadow font-bold\";\n } else {\n btn.className = \"px-3 py-1.5 rounded-md text-slate-300 hover:text-white font-medium\";\n }\n });\n\n const caption = document.getElementById('ch1-matrix-caption');\n if (view === 'decisions') {\n caption.innerText = '\"How People Make Decisions\" (P1\u2013P4): Highlights trade-offs, opportunity cost, and incremental optimization at the margin.';\n } else if (view === 'interactions') {\n caption.innerText = '\"How People Interact\" (P5\u2013P7): Examines gains from specialization, Adam Smith\\'s invisible hand, and proactive government remedies for market failures.';\n } else {\n caption.innerText = '\"How the Economy as a Whole Works\" (P8\u2013P10): Connects productivity with national living standards and short-run inflation-unemployment trade-offs.';\n }\n\n renderCh1Matrix();\n }\n\n function runCh1Simulator() {\n const offer = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch1-offer-input').value);\n document.getElementById('ch1-slider-val').innerText = '

  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

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  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

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+ offer.toFixed(0);\n\n const marginalCost = 20; \/\/ Extra soda \u0026amp; snack\n const card = document.getElementById('ch1-verdict-card');\n const heading = document.getElementById('ch1-verdict-heading');\n const desc = document.getElementById('ch1-verdict-desc');\n const dot = document.getElementById('ch1-verdict-dot');\n\n if (offer \u0026gt;= marginalCost) {\n card.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border transition-all duration-200 bg-emerald-950\/70 border-emerald-500\/50\";\n dot.className = \"h-3 w-3 rounded-full bg-emerald-400 animate-pulse\";\n heading.innerText = \"SELL THE SEAT!\";\n heading.className = \"font-extrabold text-base uppercase text-emerald-300 tracking-wide\";\n desc.innerHTML = `Marginal Benefit (\u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;${offer.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;) exceeds Marginal Cost (\u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-amber-300\"\u0026gt;$20\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;). Net flight profit increases by \u0026lt;span class=\"font-bold text-emerald-300\"\u0026gt;+${(offer - marginalCost).toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/span\u0026gt;. Past average cost ($500) is irrelevant to this marginal choice!`;\n } else {\n card.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border transition-all duration-200 bg-rose-950\/70 border-rose-500\/50\";\n dot.className = \"h-3 w-3 rounded-full bg-rose-400\";\n heading.innerText = \"REJECT STANDBY PASSENGER\";\n heading.className = \"font-extrabold text-base uppercase text-rose-300 tracking-wide\";\n desc.innerHTML = `Offer of ${offer.toFixed(0)} fails to cover even the marginal cost of $20. Accepting would lose money on the margin.`;\n }\n }\n\n function renderCh1Matrix() {\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch1-matrix-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n if (ch1CurrentView === 'decisions') {\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(15, 15)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"280\" height=\"135\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#2563eb\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"30\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;1. People Face Trade-offs\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"58\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"13\"\u0026gt;\"There ain't no such thing as a free lunch.\"\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"84\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Efficiency (size of the economic pie)\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Equality (how the pie is divided)\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(325, 15)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"280\" height=\"135\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#2563eb\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"30\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;2. Cost Is What You Give Up\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"58\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"13\"\u0026gt;Opportunity Cost Principle\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"84\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 True cost includes foregone time \u0026amp;amp; earnings\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Not merely out-of-pocket tuition bills\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(15, 170)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"280\" height=\"135\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"30\" fill=\"#fbbf24\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;3. Rational Think at Margin\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"58\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"13\"\u0026gt;Marginal Benefit vs Marginal Cost\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"84\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Take action if and only if MB \u0026amp;gt; MC\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Water vs Diamonds paradox explained\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(325, 170)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"280\" height=\"135\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"30\" fill=\"#34d399\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;4. People Respond to Incentives\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"58\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"13\"\u0026gt;Rewards \u0026amp;amp; Penalties Shape Action\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"84\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 Direct and indirect policy effects\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"16\" y=\"108\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"12\"\u0026gt;\u2022 China carbon pricing \u0026amp;amp; green subsidies\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n `;\n } else if (ch1CurrentView === 'interactions') {\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 15)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Specialization in comparative advantage: GBA supply chain clusters across HK, Shenzhen, and Dongguan.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 115)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#fbbf24\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 6: Markets Organize Economic Activity\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Adam Smith's \"Invisible Hand\": decentralized prices coordinate millions of buyers and sellers efficiently.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 215)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#ef4444\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#f87171\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 7: Governments Can Improve Market Outcomes\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Public action is essential when markets fail (externalities, market power) or to promote social equity.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n `;\n } else {\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 15)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#34d399\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 8: Productivity Drives Living Standards\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Differences in goods and services produced per worker explain cross-country living standard gaps.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 115)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#fbbf24\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#fbbf24\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 9: Prices Rise When Governments Print Too Much Money\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Excessive broad money growth is the primary long-run cause of sustained inflation.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;g transform=\"translate(20, 215)\"\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"85\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0c1e3d\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"32\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"17\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Principle 10: Short-Run Trade-off: Inflation vs. Unemployment\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"20\" y=\"60\" fill=\"#cbd5e1\" font-size=\"14\"\u0026gt;Phillips Curve dynamics: monetary and fiscal stimulus stimulate demand, reducing unemployment temporarily.\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;\/g\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 4 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function applyCh4Preset() {\n const val = document.getElementById('ch4-preset-box').value;\n const dSlider = document.getElementById('ch4-d-range');\n const sSlider = document.getElementById('ch4-s-range');\n\n if (val === 'baseline') {\n dSlider.value = 120;\n sSlider.value = 0;\n } else if (val === 'frost') {\n dSlider.value = 120;\n sSlider.value = -26;\n } else if (val === 'ev') {\n dSlider.value = 150;\n sSlider.value = 24;\n } else if (val === 'logistics') {\n dSlider.value = 120;\n sSlider.value = 22;\n } else if (val === 'housing') {\n dSlider.value = 150;\n sSlider.value = -8;\n }\n\n renderCh4Graph();\n }\n\n function renderCh4Graph() {\n const a = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch4-d-range').value);\n const c = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch4-s-range').value);\n\n document.getElementById('ch4-d-disp').innerText = a;\n document.getElementById('ch4-s-disp').innerText = c;\n\n \/\/ Equilibrium: a - P = c + P =\u0026gt; 2P = a - c =\u0026gt; P* = (a - c)\/2\n const pEq = (a - c) \/ 2;\n const qEq = pEq + c;\n\n document.getElementById('ch4-calc-p').innerText = pEq.toFixed(1);\n document.getElementById('ch4-calc-q').innerText = qEq.toFixed(1);\n\n const stepText = document.getElementById('ch4-step-desc');\n if (c \u0026lt; -10) {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Supply Contraction:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Severe freeze shifts S leftward. Shortage at old price bids price up to $\" + pEq.toFixed(0) + \" and lowers Q to \" + qEq.toFixed(0) + \".\";\n } else if (c \u0026gt; 10 \u0026amp;\u0026amp; a \u0026gt; 130) {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Dual Shift (EV Boom):\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Scale tech shifts S right, subsidies shift D right. Output Q explodes to \" + qEq.toFixed(0) + \" while price remains moderate.\";\n } else if (c \u0026gt; 10) {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Productivity Advance:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; High-speed GBA freight shifts S right, lowering equilibrium price to $\" + pEq.toFixed(0) + \" and expanding volume.\";\n } else if (a \u0026gt; 130) {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;Demand Surge:\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt; Population inflow shifts D right, driving up equilibrium price to $\" + pEq.toFixed(0) + \".\";\n } else {\n stepText.innerHTML = \"Market is in standard balance: Quantity Demanded equals Quantity Supplied with no surplus or shortage.\";\n }\n\n \/\/ Responsive SVG\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch4-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = q =\u0026gt; pad.left + (q \/ 140) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = p =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (p \/ 140) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(0) + 6}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Q\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${pad.top - 12}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Demand Curve Line --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(a - 125)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(125)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(a - 15)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(15)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(a - 15) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(15)}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"18\" font-weight=\"900\"\u0026gt;D\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Supply Curve Line --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(c + 15)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(15)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(c + 125)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(125)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(c + 125) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(125)}\" fill=\"#f59e0b\" font-size=\"18\" font-weight=\"900\"\u0026gt;S\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Equilibrium Projections --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pEq)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(qEq)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pEq)}\" stroke=\"#94a3b8\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,4\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(qEq)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pEq)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(qEq)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#94a3b8\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,4\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \n \u0026lt;circle cx=\"${scaleX(qEq)}\" cy=\"${scaleY(pEq)}\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qEq) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(pEq) - 10}\" fill=\"#ffffff\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;E* (${qEq.toFixed(0)}, ${pEq.toFixed(0)})\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 5 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function renderCh5Graph() {\n const p1 = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch5-p1-range').value);\n const p2 = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch5-p2-range').value);\n\n document.getElementById('ch5-p1-disp').innerText = '

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+ p1.toFixed(0);\n document.getElementById('ch5-p2-disp').innerText = '

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+ p2.toFixed(0);\n\n const q1 = Math.max(5, 140 - 1.2 * p1);\n const q2 = Math.max(5, 140 - 1.2 * p2);\n\n const avgP = (p1 + p2) \/ 2;\n const avgQ = (q1 + q2) \/ 2;\n const pctP = ((p2 - p1) \/ avgP) * 100;\n const pctQ = ((q2 - q1) \/ avgQ) * 100;\n const ed = Math.abs(pctQ \/ pctP);\n\n document.getElementById('ch5-pct-q').innerText = (pctQ \u0026gt;= 0 ? '+' : '') + pctQ.toFixed(1) + '%';\n document.getElementById('ch5-pct-p').innerText = (pctP \u0026gt;= 0 ? '+' : '') + pctP.toFixed(1) + '%';\n document.getElementById('ch5-ed-out').innerText = isNaN(ed) ? '1.00' : ed.toFixed(2);\n\n const tr1 = p1 * q1;\n const tr2 = p2 * q2;\n document.getElementById('ch5-tr1-disp').innerText = '

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+ tr1.toFixed(0);\n document.getElementById('ch5-tr2-disp').innerText = '

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+ tr2.toFixed(0);\n\n const badge = document.getElementById('ch5-tag-badge');\n const note = document.getElementById('ch5-verdict-note');\n\n if (ed \u0026gt; 1.05) {\n badge.innerText = `Elastic (|Ed| = ${ed.toFixed(2)})`;\n badge.className = \"px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs md:text-sm font-bold bg-emerald-950 text-emerald-300 border border-emerald-700\";\n note.innerText = p2 \u0026gt; p1 \n ? \"Price INCREASE caused Total Revenue to FALL because quantity loss dominated.\"\n : \"Price CUT caused Total Revenue to RISE because quantity gain dominated!\";\n note.className = \"text-sm md:text-base font-bold text-emerald-400 pt-2 border-t border-slate-800 mb-0\";\n } else if (ed \u0026lt; 0.95) {\n badge.innerText = `Inelastic (|Ed| = ${ed.toFixed(2)})`;\n badge.className = \"px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs md:text-sm font-bold bg-amber-950 text-amber-300 border border-amber-700\";\n note.innerText = p2 \u0026gt; p1 \n ? \"Price INCREASE caused Total Revenue to RISE! (Price effect dominates, e.g. staple food).\"\n : \"Price CUT caused Total Revenue to FALL! Quantity did not respond enough.\";\n note.className = \"text-sm md:text-base font-bold text-amber-400 pt-2 border-t border-slate-800 mb-0\";\n } else {\n badge.innerText = `Unitary Elastic (|Ed| \u2248 1.0)`;\n badge.className = \"px-3 py-1 rounded-full text-xs md:text-sm font-bold bg-sky-950 text-sky-300 border border-sky-700\";\n note.innerText = \"Total revenue is maximized near this unit-elastic midpoint region.\";\n note.className = \"text-sm md:text-base font-bold text-sky-400 pt-2 border-t border-slate-800 mb-0\";\n }\n\n \/\/ Responsive SVG\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch5-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = q =\u0026gt; pad.left + (q \/ 140) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = p =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (p \/ 100) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(0) + 6}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Q\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${pad.top - 12}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Revenue Box 1 --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${scaleY(p1)}\" width=\"${scaleX(q1) - pad.left}\" height=\"${scaleY(0) - scaleY(p1)}\" fill=\"rgba(56, 189, 248, 0.25)\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Revenue Box 2 --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${scaleY(p2)}\" width=\"${scaleX(q2) - pad.left}\" height=\"${scaleY(0) - scaleY(p2)}\" fill=\"rgba(16, 185, 129, 0.25)\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,4\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Linear Demand Curve --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(140 - 1.2 * 95)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(95)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(140 - 1.2 * 10)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(10)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(140 - 1.2 * 10) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(10)}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"18\" font-weight=\"900\"\u0026gt;D\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Point 1 --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;circle cx=\"${scaleX(q1)}\" cy=\"${scaleY(p1)}\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(q1) + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(p1) - 8}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\"\u0026gt;P\u2081 (${p1.toFixed(0)}, ${q1.toFixed(0)})\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Point 2 --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;circle cx=\"${scaleX(q2)}\" cy=\"${scaleY(p2)}\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#10b981\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(q2) + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(p2) - 8}\" fill=\"#10b981\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\"\u0026gt;P\u2082 (${p2.toFixed(0)}, ${q2.toFixed(0)})\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 6 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n let ch6CurrentPolicy = 'ceiling';\n\n function setCh6Policy(policy) {\n ch6CurrentPolicy = policy;\n ['ceiling', 'floor', 'tax'].forEach(p =\u0026gt; {\n const btn = document.getElementById('ch6-mode-' + (p === 'ceiling' ? 'ceil' : (p === 'floor' ? 'flr' : 'tx')));\n if (p === policy) {\n btn.className = \"touch-btn rounded-xl text-sm font-bold bg-sky-600 text-white border border-sky-400 shadow\";\n } else {\n btn.className = \"touch-btn rounded-xl text-sm font-semibold bg-slate-800 text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-700 border border-slate-700\";\n }\n });\n\n const pBox = document.getElementById('ch6-price-box');\n const tBox = document.getElementById('ch6-tax-box');\n const title = document.getElementById('ch6-chart-header');\n\n if (policy === 'tax') {\n pBox.classList.add('hidden');\n tBox.classList.remove('hidden');\n title.innerText = \"Tax Wedge \u0026amp; Incidence Burden Visualizer\";\n } else {\n pBox.classList.remove('hidden');\n tBox.classList.add('hidden');\n if (policy === 'ceiling') {\n title.innerText = \"Binding Price Ceiling \u0026amp; Shortage Visualizer\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-price-label').innerText = \"Ceiling Price Limit:\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-price-range').value = 35;\n } else {\n title.innerText = \"Binding Price Floor \u0026amp; Surplus Visualizer\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-price-label').innerText = \"Floor Price Limit:\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-price-range').value = 65;\n }\n }\n\n renderCh6Graph();\n }\n\n function renderCh6Graph() {\n const eqP = 50, eqQ = 70;\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch6-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = q =\u0026gt; pad.left + (q \/ 140) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = p =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (p \/ 100) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n if (ch6CurrentPolicy === 'ceiling') {\n const pCeil = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch6-price-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch6-ctrl-val').innerText = '

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+ pCeil.toFixed(1);\n\n const isBinding = pCeil \u0026lt; eqP;\n const qD = Math.max(0, 120 - pCeil);\n const qS = Math.max(0, pCeil - 20);\n const shortage = Math.max(0, qD - qS);\n const dwl = isBinding ? 0.5 * (eqP - (qS + 20)) * (eqQ - qS) : 0;\n\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').innerText = isBinding ? \"BINDING CEILING\" : \"NON-BINDING (No effect)\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').className = isBinding ? \"font-bold text-rose-400\" : \"font-bold text-slate-400\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-label').innerText = \"Shortage (Qd - Qs):\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-val').innerText = isBinding ? `${shortage.toFixed(0)} Units` : \"0 Units\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-dwl-disp').innerText = '

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+ dwl.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch6-explainer-text').innerText = isBinding \n ? \"Binding price ceiling holds price below equilibrium ($50). A persistent shortage is created; buyers face lines, rationing, and black markets.\"\n : \"Ceiling is above equilibrium ($50). Market clears normally at P* without any shortage.\";\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(25)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(95)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(10)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(10)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(30)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(90)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n ${isBinding ? `\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(qS)},${scaleY(pCeil)} ${scaleX(qS)},${scaleY(120 - qS)} ${scaleX(eqQ)},${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.4)\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qS) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"#fca5a5\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;DWL\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pCeil)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pCeil)}\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-dasharray=\"6,4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right - 90}\" y=\"${scaleY(pCeil) - 8}\" fill=\"#f43f5e\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Ceiling = ${pCeil.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n ${isBinding ? `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(qS)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pCeil)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(qD)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pCeil)}\" stroke=\"#e11d48\" stroke-width=\"6\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX((qS + qD)\/2)}\" y=\"${scaleY(pCeil) + 20}\" fill=\"#fda4af\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\" text-anchor=\"middle\"\u0026gt;Shortage = ${shortage.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n `;\n } else if (ch6CurrentPolicy === 'floor') {\n const pFloor = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch6-price-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch6-ctrl-val').innerText = '

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+ pFloor.toFixed(1);\n\n const isBinding = pFloor \u0026gt; eqP;\n const qD = Math.max(0, 120 - pFloor);\n const qS = Math.max(0, pFloor - 20);\n const surplus = Math.max(0, qS - qD);\n const dwl = isBinding ? 0.5 * (pFloor - (qD + 20)) * (eqQ - qD) : 0;\n\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').innerText = isBinding ? \"BINDING FLOOR (Surplus)\" : \"NON-BINDING\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').className = isBinding ? \"font-bold text-amber-400\" : \"font-bold text-slate-400\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-label').innerText = \"Surplus (Qs - Qd):\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-val').innerText = isBinding ? `${surplus.toFixed(0)} Units` : \"0 Units\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-dwl-disp').innerText = '

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+ dwl.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch6-explainer-text').innerText = isBinding \n ? \"Binding minimum wage \/ floor sets price above clearing level. Quantity supplied exceeds demand, producing persistent unemployment for low-skilled workers.\"\n : \"Floor is below equilibrium ($50). Market clears naturally at P* without surplus.\";\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(25)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(95)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(10)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(10)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(30)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(90)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n ${isBinding ? `\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(qD)},${scaleY(pFloor)} ${scaleX(qD)},${scaleY(qD + 20)} ${scaleX(eqQ)},${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.4)\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qD) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"#fca5a5\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;DWL\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pFloor)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pFloor)}\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-dasharray=\"6,4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right - 90}\" y=\"${scaleY(pFloor) - 8}\" fill=\"#10b981\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Floor = ${pFloor.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n ${isBinding ? `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(qD)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(pFloor)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(qS)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(pFloor)}\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"6\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX((qS + qD)\/2)}\" y=\"${scaleY(pFloor) - 12}\" fill=\"#86efac\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\" text-anchor=\"middle\"\u0026gt;Surplus = ${surplus.toFixed(0)}\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n `;\n } else {\n \/\/ TAX MODE\n const tax = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch6-tax-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch6-tax-disp').innerText = '

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+ tax.toFixed(0);\n\n const qTax = Math.max(15, eqQ - tax * 0.7);\n const pb = eqP + tax * 0.55;\n const ps = pb - tax;\n const taxRev = tax * qTax;\n const dwl = 0.5 * tax * (eqQ - qTax);\n\n document.getElementById('ch6-status-text').innerText = `TAX: ${tax.toFixed(0)}\/Unit`;\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-label').innerText = \"Buyer vs Seller Split:\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-imbalance-val').innerText = \"55% Buyer | 45% Seller\";\n document.getElementById('ch6-dwl-disp').innerText = '

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+ dwl.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch6-explainer-text').innerText = `Tax inserts a ${tax} wedge between buyer price (${pb.toFixed(1)}) and seller price (${ps.toFixed(1)}). The less elastic side bears the larger burden.`;\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(25)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(95)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(10)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(10)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(30)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(110)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(90)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${scaleY(pb)}\" width=\"${scaleX(qTax) - pad.left}\" height=\"${scaleY(ps) - scaleY(pb)}\" fill=\"rgba(245, 158, 11, 0.3)\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qTax\/2)}\" y=\"${scaleY((pb+ps)\/2) + 5}\" fill=\"#fde68a\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\" text-anchor=\"middle\"\u0026gt;Tax Rev (${taxRev.toFixed(0)})\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(qTax)},${scaleY(pb)} ${scaleX(qTax)},${scaleY(ps)} ${scaleX(eqQ)},${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.4)\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(qTax) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"#fca5a5\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;DWL\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 7 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function resetCh7Planner() {\n document.getElementById('ch7-p-range').value = 50;\n document.getElementById('ch7-q-range').value = 60;\n renderCh7Graph();\n }\n\n function renderCh7Graph() {\n const p = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch7-p-range').value);\n const qCap = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch7-q-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch7-p-disp').innerText = '

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+ p.toFixed(1);\n document.getElementById('ch7-q-disp').innerText = qCap.toFixed(0) + ' Units';\n\n const eqP = 50, eqQ = 60;\n\n const qD = Math.max(0, 100 - p);\n const qS = Math.max(0, p - 20);\n const transQ = Math.min(qCap, Math.min(qD, qS));\n\n const cs = 0.5 * (100 - p + (100 - transQ - p)) * transQ;\n const ps = 0.5 * (p - 20 + (p - (20 + transQ))) * transQ;\n const ts = cs + ps;\n const maxTs = 0.5 * (100 - 20) * eqQ;\n const dwl = Math.max(0, maxTs - ts);\n\n document.getElementById('ch7-cs-disp').innerText = '

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+ Math.max(0, cs).toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch7-ps-disp').innerText = '

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+ Math.max(0, ps).toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch7-ts-disp').innerText = '

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+ ts.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch7-dwl-disp').innerText = '

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+ dwl.toFixed(2);\n\n \/\/ Responsive SVG\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch7-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = q =\u0026gt; pad.left + (q \/ 100) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = pr =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (pr \/ 110) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(0) + 6}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Q\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${pad.top - 12}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Shaded Consumer Surplus Polygon --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(0)},${scaleY(100)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(100 - transQ)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(p)} ${scaleX(0)},${scaleY(p)}\" fill=\"rgba(56, 189, 248, 0.35)\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(transQ\/3)}\" y=\"${scaleY(p + 15)}\" fill=\"#7dd3fc\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Consumer Surplus (CS)\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Shaded Producer Surplus Polygon --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(0)},${scaleY(20)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(20 + transQ)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(p)} ${scaleX(0)},${scaleY(p)}\" fill=\"rgba(245, 158, 11, 0.35)\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(transQ\/3)}\" y=\"${scaleY(p - 15)}\" fill=\"#fde68a\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Producer Surplus (PS)\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- DWL Triangle if restricted --\u0026gt;\n ${transQ \u0026lt; eqQ ? `\n \u0026lt;polygon points=\"${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(100 - transQ)} ${scaleX(transQ)},${scaleY(20 + transQ)} ${scaleX(eqQ)},${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.45)\" stroke=\"#f43f5e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(transQ) + 12}\" y=\"${scaleY(eqP)}\" fill=\"#fca5a5\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;DWL\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Demand \u0026amp; Supply lines --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(0)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(100)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(85)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(15)}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"3.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(85) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(15)}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;D\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${scaleX(0)}\" y1=\"${scaleY(20)}\" x2=\"${scaleX(80)}\" y2=\"${scaleY(100)}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"3.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(80) + 6}\" y=\"${scaleY(100)}\" fill=\"#f59e0b\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;S\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n `;\n }\n\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \/\/ CHAPTER 14 LOGIC \u0026amp; GRAPH ENGINE\n \/\/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n function setCh14Price(p) {\n document.getElementById('ch14-p-range').value = p;\n renderCh14Graph();\n }\n\n function renderCh14Graph() {\n const p = parseFloat(document.getElementById('ch14-p-range').value);\n document.getElementById('ch14-p-disp').innerText = '

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+ p.toFixed(1);\n\n const q = Math.max(5, (p - 10) \/ 0.6);\n const atc = 250 \/ q + 10 + 0.3 * q;\n const avc = 10 + 0.3 * q;\n const minAtc = 2 * Math.sqrt(250 * 0.3) + 10; \/\/ \u2248 37.32\n\n const profit = (p - atc) * q;\n\n document.getElementById('ch14-q-disp').innerText = q.toFixed(0) + ' Units';\n document.getElementById('ch14-atc-disp').innerText = '

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+ atc.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch14-avc-disp').innerText = '

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+ avc.toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch14-profit-disp').innerText = (profit \u0026gt;= 0 ? '+

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: '-

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) + Math.abs(profit).toFixed(2);\n document.getElementById('ch14-profit-disp').className = profit \u0026gt;= 0 ? \"text-emerald-400 font-extrabold\" : \"text-rose-400 font-extrabold\";\n\n const badge = document.getElementById('ch14-decision-badge');\n const desc = document.getElementById('ch14-decision-desc');\n const box = document.getElementById('ch14-decision-box');\n\n if (p \u0026lt; avc) {\n box.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-rose-950\/70 border-rose-500\/50 space-y-1\";\n badge.innerText = \"SHUT DOWN IMMEDIATELY (P \u0026lt; AVC)\";\n badge.className = \"text-rose-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block font-bold\";\n desc.innerText = \"P fails to cover variable operating costs (wages and materials). Producing units adds to losses. Shut down to lose only fixed costs!\";\n } else if (p \u0026lt; atc) {\n box.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-amber-950\/70 border-amber-500\/50 space-y-1\";\n badge.innerText = \"OPERATE AT SHORT-RUN LOSS (AVC \u2264 P \u0026lt; ATC)\";\n badge.className = \"text-amber-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block font-bold\";\n desc.innerText = \"Short Run: P covers all variable costs and pays toward fixed rent. Stay open! Long Run: Exit the industry if market price remains below ATC.\";\n } else if (Math.abs(p - minAtc) \u0026lt; 1.5) {\n box.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-sky-950\/70 border-sky-500\/50 space-y-1\";\n badge.innerText = \"LONG RUN EQUILIBRIUM (Zero Profit)\";\n badge.className = \"text-sky-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block font-bold\";\n desc.innerText = \"P = min ATC. Economic profit is zero. The firm earns a normal accounting return on capital; no incentive for industry entry or exit.\";\n } else {\n box.className = \"p-4 rounded-xl border bg-emerald-950\/70 border-emerald-500\/50 space-y-1\";\n badge.innerText = \"EARNING SUPERNORMAL PROFIT (P \u0026gt; ATC)\";\n badge.className = \"text-emerald-300 uppercase tracking-wider text-xs block font-bold\";\n desc.innerText = \"Profits attract new domestic and foreign entrants, expanding market supply until price is driven back to minimum ATC.\";\n }\n\n \/\/ Responsive SVG\n const svg = document.getElementById('ch14-svg');\n if (!svg) return;\n\n const w = 600, h = 360;\n const pad = { left: 60, right: 40, top: 35, bottom: 45 };\n\n const scaleX = qu =\u0026gt; pad.left + (qu \/ 100) * (w - pad.left - pad.right);\n const scaleY = pr =\u0026gt; (h - pad.bottom) - (pr \/ 90) * (h - pad.top - pad.bottom);\n\n let mcPath = `M ${scaleX(10)} ${scaleY(16)}`;\n for (let qu = 15; qu \u0026lt;= 95; qu += 5) mcPath += ` L ${scaleX(qu)} ${scaleY(10 + 0.6 * qu)}`;\n\n let atcPath = `M ${scaleX(10)} ${scaleY(250\/10 + 10 + 0.3*10)}`;\n for (let qu = 15; qu \u0026lt;= 95; qu += 5) atcPath += ` L ${scaleX(qu)} ${scaleY(250\/qu + 10 + 0.3*qu)}`;\n\n let avcPath = `M ${scaleX(10)} ${scaleY(10 + 0.3*10)}`;\n for (let qu = 15; qu \u0026lt;= 95; qu += 5) avcPath += ` L ${scaleX(qu)} ${scaleY(10 + 0.3*qu)}`;\n\n svg.innerHTML = `\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(0)}\" x2=\"${w - pad.right}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${pad.top}\" x2=\"${pad.left}\" y2=\"${scaleY(0)}\" stroke=\"#475569\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${w - pad.right + 10}\" y=\"${scaleY(0) + 6}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;Q\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${pad.top - 12}\" fill=\"#94a3b8\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;P, C\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Profit \/ Loss Area --\u0026gt;\n ${p \u0026gt;= avc ? `\n \u0026lt;rect x=\"${pad.left}\" y=\"${scaleY(Math.max(p, atc))}\" width=\"${scaleX(q) - pad.left}\" height=\"${Math.abs(scaleY(p) - scaleY(atc))}\" fill=\"${profit \u0026gt;= 0 ? 'rgba(16, 185, 129, 0.3)' : 'rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.3)'}\" stroke=\"${profit \u0026gt;= 0 ? '#10b981' : '#f43f5e'}\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/\u0026gt;\n ` : ''}\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Curves --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;path d=\"${avcPath}\" stroke=\"#10b981\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-dasharray=\"6,4\" fill=\"none\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(90)}\" y=\"${scaleY(10 + 0.3*90) - 10}\" fill=\"#10b981\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;AVC\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;path d=\"${atcPath}\" stroke=\"#38bdf8\" stroke-width=\"3.5\" fill=\"none\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(90)}\" y=\"${scaleY(250\/90 + 10 + 0.3*90) - 10}\" fill=\"#38bdf8\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;ATC\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;path d=\"${mcPath}\" stroke=\"#f59e0b\" stroke-width=\"4.5\" fill=\"none\"\/\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;text x=\"${scaleX(90)}\" y=\"${scaleY(10 + 0.6*90) - 10}\" fill=\"#f59e0b\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"800\"\u0026gt;MC\u0026lt;\/text\u0026gt;\n\n \u0026lt;!-- Price Line P = MR --\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;line x1=\"${pad.left}\" y1=\"${scaleY(p)}\" x2=\"${w - 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Title: Are Today\u2019s Graduates Really Desperate? \u2013 Critical Thinking through Global Job Market Trends Grade: 11\u201312 Level: Intermediate to Advanced EAL Length: 80\u201390 minutes Skills Focus: Reading...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":46686875,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"Why is China's High School Entrance Exam (Zhongkao) Accelerating Chinese Students into International Programs Domestically, and Abroad?","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_bcfa3030-060d-4730-a6f1-f19b99c02516","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/f_auto,q_auto,w_4096\/unsplashcom\/photo-1665567030889-bfc4c0c321a1","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/f_auto,q_auto,w_4096\/unsplashcom\/photo-1665567030889-bfc4c0c321a1","storage":"un","format":null,"h":720,"w":1080,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_bcfa3030-060d-4730-a6f1-f19b99c02516","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/f_auto,q_auto,w_4096\/unsplashcom\/photo-1665567030889-bfc4c0c321a1","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/f_auto,q_auto,w_4096\/unsplashcom\/photo-1665567030889-bfc4c0c321a1","storage":"un","format":null,"h":720,"w":1080,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":null,"publishedAt":"2025-04-26T18:49:18.994-07:00","updatedAt":"2025-07-11T19:13:56.168-07:00","createdAt":"2025-04-26T18:15:18.940-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/why-is-china-s-high-school-entrance-exam-zhongkao-accelerating-chinese","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/why-is-china-s-high-school-entrance-exam-zhongkao-accelerating-chinese","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\n\\nThe Zhongkao (\u4e2d\u8003), China\u2019s high school entrance exam taken around age 15, is increasingly viewed as a make-or-break moment in a student\u2019s academic trajectory. The Ministry of Education intentionally limits regular high school slots to about 50% of middle school graduates, meaning roughly half of all test-takers will \u201cfail\u201d to gain entry to an academic high school.\\n \\nThose who fall below the cut-off are typically diverted to vocational schools or forced to end formal schooling, options widely perceived as dead-ends for upward mobility. This high-stakes sorting at such a young age has made Zhongkao even more pivotal than the Gaokao (college entrance exam) in the eyes of many parents. As one Sixth Tone report notes, \u201cthe zhongkao is far more important than the gaokao now\u201d for determining a child\u2019s future opportunities.\\n \\nThe limited pathways for \u201cZhongkao failures\u201d have fueled interest in alternative education routes. A 2018 Caixin analysis revealed that because 50% of Zhongkao...","blurb":"The Zhongkao (\u4e2d\u8003), China\u2019s high school entrance exam taken around age 15, is increasingly viewed as a make-or-break moment in a student\u2019s academic trajectory. The Ministry of Education intentionally limits regular high school slots to about 50% of middle school graduates, meaning roughly half of...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":39711352,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":true},"title":"Class questions for \"Why I Don\u2019t Use A Smart Phone | Ann Makosinski | TEDxTeen\"","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_244377cf-1781-4fba-8b66-88005b63910c","defaultValue":false,"url":"\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/TjaM0tdxtYA\/maxresdefault.jpg","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoUrl":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TjaM0tdxtYA","videoHtml":"\u003ciframe id='TjaM0tdxtYA_1742547195542' allow='autoplay' src='https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/TjaM0tdxtYA?rel=1\u0026autoplay=1\u0026mute=1\u0026loop=1\u0026playlist=TjaM0tdxtYA\u0026showinfo=0\u0026wmode=transparent\u0026controls=0\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026origin=' frameborder='0' width='640' height='360'\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":false,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_244377cf-1781-4fba-8b66-88005b63910c","defaultValue":false,"url":"\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/TjaM0tdxtYA\/maxresdefault.jpg","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoUrl":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TjaM0tdxtYA","videoHtml":"\u003ciframe id='TjaM0tdxtYA_1742547195542' allow='autoplay' src='https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/TjaM0tdxtYA?rel=1\u0026autoplay=1\u0026mute=1\u0026loop=1\u0026playlist=TjaM0tdxtYA\u0026showinfo=0\u0026wmode=transparent\u0026controls=0\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026origin=' frameborder='0' width='640' height='360'\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":false,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":null,"publishedAt":"2025-03-21T01:58:45.629-07:00","updatedAt":"2025-03-21T01:58:45.654-07:00","createdAt":"2024-09-11T02:19:45.939-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/class-questions-for-why-i-don-t-use-a-smart-phone-ann-makosinski-tedxteen","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/class-questions-for-why-i-don-t-use-a-smart-phone-ann-makosinski-tedxteen","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\nWhy I Don\u2019t Use A Smart Phone | Ann Makosinski | TEDxTeen\\n \\nEnglish \u0026 Critical Thinking - viewing questions guide for lessons\\n\\n \\n1. What type of phone does Ann currently use?\\na. Smartphone\\nb. Flip phone\\nc. Landline\\nd. Touchscreen phone\\n \\n2. How long has Ann had her phone?\\na. One year\\nb. Four months\\nc. Six months\\nd. Three weeks\\n \\n3. What does Ann refer to herself as?\\na. Engineer\\nb. Inventor\\nc. Artist\\nd. Scientist\\n \\n4. What was unusual about Ann's childhood toys?\\na. She had too many toys\\nb. She made her own toys\\nc. She only had electronic toys\\nd. She had no toys at all\\n \\n5. What was Ann's first invention called?\\na. Creation\\nb. Invention\\nc. Flashlight Girl\\nd. eDrink\\n \\n6. What inspired Ann to create her invention?\\na. Her love for technology\\nb. A friend's struggle with electricity\\nc. A school project\\nd. A family tradition\\n \\n7. What does Ann believe is important for children to develop?\\na. Having many toys\\nb. Creativity and problem-solving...","blurb":"Why I Don\u2019t Use A Smart Phone | Ann Makosinski | TEDxTeen English \u0026 Critical Thinking - viewing questions guide for lessons 1. What type of phone does Ann currently use?a. Smartphoneb. Flip phonec. Landlined. Touchscreen phone 2. How long has Ann had her phone?a. One yearb. Four monthsc. Six...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":41688756,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"Critical Thinking Lesson Guide: Is Western Culture Stopping People from Growing Up? (Economist)","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_6728a5ef-afb5-46a1-b925-1ff3da944fb2","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/f_auto,q_auto,w_4096\/unsplashcom\/photo-1564596657013-19b492fe6456","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/f_auto,q_auto,w_4096\/unsplashcom\/photo-1564596657013-19b492fe6456","storage":"un","format":null,"h":721,"w":1080,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_6728a5ef-afb5-46a1-b925-1ff3da944fb2","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/f_auto,q_auto,w_4096\/unsplashcom\/photo-1564596657013-19b492fe6456","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/f_auto,q_auto,w_4096\/unsplashcom\/photo-1564596657013-19b492fe6456","storage":"un","format":null,"h":721,"w":1080,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":null,"publishedAt":"2024-12-16T23:04:12.075-08:00","updatedAt":"2024-12-16T23:04:12.093-08:00","createdAt":"2024-12-16T22:55:35.379-08:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/critical-thinking-lesson-guide-is-western-culture-stopping-people-from","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/critical-thinking-lesson-guide-is-western-culture-stopping-people-from","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\u00a0Introduction\\n \\nWestern culture seems to be changing how young people act. Some adults are behaving more like children. This has caused people to wonder:\\n Are adults growing up slower today?Is society encouraging childish behavior?\\n What is \"Kidulting\"?\\n Definition: Adults acting like kids or enjoying things made for children.Examples:Dressing up as characters from \"My Little Pony\".Visiting places with ball pits and pillow fights.Watching movies made for kids, like \"Batman\" or \"Spider-Man\".\\n Story: The Employee Who Called Her Mom\\n \\nAn older boss corrected a young woman, saying, \u201cThere is no \u2018P\u2019 in hamster.\u201d\\n The young woman disagreed and said, \u201cThat\u2019s how I spell it!\u201dShe even called her mother and cried, asking her mom to support her.This story shows how some young people avoid criticism and rely on others.\\n Why is This Happening?\\n Young Adults are Delayed\\n Traditional \"adult milestones\" are happening later.Leaving home.Becoming financially independent.Getting married...","blurb":"\u00a0Introduction Western culture seems to be changing how young people act. Some adults are behaving more like children. This has caused people to wonder: Are adults growing up slower today?Is society encouraging childish behavior? What is \"Kidulting\"? Definition: Adults acting like kids or enjoying...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":39250306,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"GCE Lesson Plan: Exploring Educational Inequality through \"The Bad Kids\" Documentary \u0026 UNSD Goal 4","icon":{"type":"Image","id":"d6a82fff-d8dd-436e-baa3-43d89715278e","defaultValue":null,"linkUrl":"","thumbUrl":"!","url":"!","caption":"","description":"","storageKey":"1011895\/213768_440104","storage":"s","storagePrefix":null,"format":"jpeg","h":865,"w":649,"s":600798,"newTarget":true,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_f03c8bcb-d17e-447c-999d-406c1216b551","defaultValue":false,"url":"\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/qtqhcIlqk5U\/hqdefault.jpg","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoUrl":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qtqhcIlqk5U","videoHtml":"\u003ciframe id='qtqhcIlqk5U_1723776061379' allow='autoplay' 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learning opportunities for allLearning Objectives:\\n Students will be able to analyze the themes of social inequality, educational disparities, and the importance of support systems within the context of \"The Bad Kids.\"Students will develop critical thinking skills by evaluating the documentary's arguments and evidence.Students will be able to articulate their own perspectives on educational equity and social justice.\\n \\nPossible Activities:\\n Film Viewing: Watch \"The Bad Kids\" as a class.Discussion: Facilitate a class discussion about the key themes and characters in the film.Research Assignment: Students will research the educational disparities and social issues addressed in the documentary, focusing on specific statistics and case studies.Group Project: Divide students into groups to create a presentation or multimedia project exploring a specific aspect of the...","blurb":"For GCE (Global Citizenship Education) Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote 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We as educators get it. The pressure to excel on the IELTS is immense. \\n\\nAfter all, a strong score can unlock doors to prestigious universities in Anglophone countries. But what happens after students ace the exam and enter the university environment? \\n\\nWhile the IELTS is important, a focus solely on test scores can leave students unprepared for the complexities of real-world English communication. \\n\\nA well-rounded English language education is crucial for long-term success in today's globalized world.\\n \\nInternational and bilingual schools play a vital role in equipping students with the English language skills they need to thrive in today's globalized world. Lets explore the limitations of an exam-centric approach and suggests alternative strategies for fostering a well-rounded English language education.\\n \\nThe Limitations of Focusing Solely on IELTS Preparation\\n\\n \\n\\nLimited Skills Development\u00a0\\nIELTS focuses on the four core skills (reading, writing, listening,...","blurb":" We as educators get it. The pressure to excel on the IELTS is immense. After all, a strong score can unlock doors to prestigious universities in Anglophone countries. But what happens after students ace the exam and enter the university environment? While the IELTS is important, a focus solely...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":26456174,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"Crash Course: Cross-Cultural Communication\u00a0","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_b4b69f0e-5290-4373-939a-ffa101f8694b","defaultValue":false,"url":"!","textColor":"light","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1592487501226-7ed5e5dc80f2?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=80\u0026fm=jpg\u0026crop=entropy\u0026cs=tinysrgb","storage":"un","h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_b4b69f0e-5290-4373-939a-ffa101f8694b","defaultValue":false,"url":"!","textColor":"light","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1592487501226-7ed5e5dc80f2?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=80\u0026fm=jpg\u0026crop=entropy\u0026cs=tinysrgb","storage":"un","h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":{"type":"Image","id":"3268d3fd-cc70-4931-b1ec-d024ef98fe46","defaultValue":null,"linkUrl":"","thumbUrl":"!","url":"!","caption":"","description":"","storageKey":"1011895\/726628_644544","storage":"s","storagePrefix":null,"format":"png","h":1316,"w":1072,"s":1298968,"newTarget":true,"focus":null},"publishedAt":"2024-06-11T03:41:29.000-07:00","updatedAt":"2024-06-13T20:05:03.402-07:00","createdAt":"2023-01-13T04:54:50.405-08:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/crash-course-cross-cultural-communication","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/crash-course-cross-cultural-communication","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\nOverview\\n \\n\\nWhy is studying cross-cultural communication is important?\\n Avoid misunderstandings\u00a0\\nDifferent cultures have different communication styles. This course helps you avoid misunderstandings caused by body language, humor, or even directness in conversation.Build stronger relationships\u00a0\\nBy understanding cultural norms, you can interact more effectively with people from different backgrounds, fostering trust and rapport.Global success\\nIn today's interconnected world, many careers involve working with international clients or colleagues. This course equips you with the skills to navigate these interactions.\\n \\nWho is this crash course for?\\n \\nProfessionals or anyone just entering the workforce, especially those in fields with international connections or working in diverse teams. \\n\\nStudents preparing for study abroad programs, international careers, or even just navigating a multicultural campus environment.\\n\\n*This micro course was designed \u0026 curated by Jon...","blurb":"Overview Why is studying cross-cultural communication is important? Avoid misunderstandings\u00a0Different cultures have different communication styles. This course helps you avoid misunderstandings caused by body language, humor, or even directness in conversation.Build stronger relationships\u00a0By...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":38206699,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"Don't Just Speak, Speak Smoothy: Why Fluency Markers Matter for Everyone","icon":{"type":"Image","id":"2d74322c-84c4-432d-857c-a16556918737","defaultValue":null,"linkUrl":"","thumbUrl":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1526980892404-ebd9664b494c?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026fm=jpg\u0026w=200\u0026fit=max","url":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1526980892404-ebd9664b494c?ixlib=rb-4.0.3","caption":"","description":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1526980892404-ebd9664b494c?ixlib=rb-4.0.3","storage":"un","storagePrefix":null,"format":null,"h":800,"w":1200,"s":null,"newTarget":true,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_d3fbbe1b-825b-4d10-96ff-f675b0d2ec2f","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/uploads.strikinglycdn.com\/static\/videos\/video\/831959847-5bb43d8ccf13e370d11b7d782c31cafce85acf3c8a20959d540bff990c756620-d_810x456","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"\u003ciframe id='373739947_1716339683029' allow='autoplay' src='https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/373739947?background=1\u0026api=1\u0026player_id=373739947_1716339683029\u0026autopause=0\u0026autoplay=1\u0026mute=1\u0026badge=0\u0026loop=1\u0026portrait=0\u0026title=0\u0026origin=' frameborder='0' width='1280' height='720'\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":false,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":{"type":"Image","id":"2d74322c-84c4-432d-857c-a16556918737","defaultValue":null,"linkUrl":"","thumbUrl":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1526980892404-ebd9664b494c?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026fm=jpg\u0026w=200\u0026fit=max","url":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1526980892404-ebd9664b494c?ixlib=rb-4.0.3","caption":"","description":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1526980892404-ebd9664b494c?ixlib=rb-4.0.3","storage":"un","storagePrefix":null,"format":null,"h":800,"w":1200,"s":null,"newTarget":true,"focus":null},"publishedAt":"2024-05-21T18:08:02.270-07:00","updatedAt":"2024-05-21T18:18:39.931-07:00","createdAt":"2024-05-21T17:53:58.226-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/don-t-just-speak-speak-smoothy-why-fluency-markers-matter-for-everyone","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/don-t-just-speak-speak-smoothy-why-fluency-markers-matter-for-everyone","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\nEver feel like \"like\" is your verbal crutch? You're not alone. As a recovering \"like\"-aholic myself, I'm here to share some tips to help us all ditch the filler words and become smoother talkers.\\n \\nFluency markers. Those little words and phrases that pepper our speech might seem insignificant, but for anyone wanting to improve their communication, they hold a surprising amount of power. While often associated with ESL learning, fluency markers are actually beneficial for everyone, native speakers included.\\n \\nFluency markers are words or phrases that help speakers sound smooth and natural when they are talking. They don't carry much meaning on their own, but they serve several purposes:\\n Fill pauses: They can be used to bridge short gaps while you're thinking of what to say next. (e.g., \"um,\" \"uh,\" \"like\")Organize thoughts: They can help you structure your sentences and connect ideas. (e.g., \"firstly,\" \"in other words,\" \"so basically\")Show hesitation or uncertainty: They can...","blurb":"Ever feel like \"like\" is your verbal crutch? You're not alone. As a recovering \"like\"-aholic myself, I'm here to share some tips to help us all ditch the filler words and become smoother talkers. Fluency markers. Those little words and phrases that pepper our speech might seem insignificant, but...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":38195362,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"The Day After Tomorrow (movie) Actionable Classwork for English, ESL\/EFL, and Global Citizenship Education Lessons","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_5f92a0f8-f828-4453-a98d-8dd085e15092","defaultValue":false,"url":"\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/Ku_IseK3xTc\/maxresdefault.jpg","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"cover","videoUrl":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?reload=9\u0026v=Ku_IseK3xTc","videoHtml":"\u003ciframe id='Ku_IseK3xTc_1716252279642' allow='autoplay' src='https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Ku_IseK3xTc?rel=1\u0026autoplay=1\u0026mute=1\u0026loop=1\u0026playlist=Ku_IseK3xTc\u0026showinfo=0\u0026wmode=transparent\u0026controls=0\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026origin=' frameborder='0' width='640' 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height='360'\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":null,"w":null,"useImage":false},"firstContentImage":null,"publishedAt":"2024-05-20T17:59:59.440-07:00","updatedAt":"2024-05-20T18:58:24.120-07:00","createdAt":"2024-05-20T17:28:05.176-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/the-day-after-tomorrow-movie-actionable-classwork-for-english-esl-efl","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/the-day-after-tomorrow-movie-actionable-classwork-for-english-esl-efl","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\nOverview:\\n\"The Day After Tomorrow\" is a great movie for students to learn both English and Global Citizenship Education (GCE):\\n \\nEnglish Learning\\n Engaging Story: The fast-paced plot with a clear conflict (climate change) and relatable characters keeps students engaged, making them more receptive to learning new vocabulary and grammar.Variety of Dialogue: The movie features characters from different backgrounds and professions, offering exposure to a range of vocabulary and sentence structures.Visual Cues: The spectacular visuals can help students understand the context of the dialogue and the meaning of new words.\\n \\nGlobal Citizenship Education\\n Climate Change Focus: The movie tackles the very real issue of climate change, raising awareness and promoting discussion about its global impact.Collaboration for Survival: The characters' need to work together to survive the disaster highlights the importance of collaboration and global cooperation in addressing global...","blurb":"Overview:\"The Day After Tomorrow\" is a great movie for students to learn both English and Global Citizenship Education (GCE): English Learning Engaging Story: The fast-paced plot with a clear conflict (climate change) and relatable characters keeps students engaged, making them more receptive to...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":38036074,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"Rethinking the Purpose of Education","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_3ed8dd7d-a6e2-44ad-bc9c-5b94fe42002c","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/oqMyjFXKX4Q\/maxresdefault.jpg","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"\u003ciframe id='oqMyjFXKX4Q_1715152225826' allow='autoplay' src='https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oqMyjFXKX4Q?rel=1\u0026autoplay=1\u0026mute=1\u0026loop=1\u0026playlist=oqMyjFXKX4Q\u0026showinfo=0\u0026wmode=transparent\u0026controls=0\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026origin=' frameborder='0' width='1280' height='720'\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":false,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_3ed8dd7d-a6e2-44ad-bc9c-5b94fe42002c","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/oqMyjFXKX4Q\/maxresdefault.jpg","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"\u003ciframe id='oqMyjFXKX4Q_1715152225826' allow='autoplay' src='https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oqMyjFXKX4Q?rel=1\u0026autoplay=1\u0026mute=1\u0026loop=1\u0026playlist=oqMyjFXKX4Q\u0026showinfo=0\u0026wmode=transparent\u0026controls=0\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026origin=' frameborder='0' width='1280' height='720'\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":false,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":null,"publishedAt":"2024-05-08T00:12:05.494-07:00","updatedAt":"2024-05-08T00:12:05.504-07:00","createdAt":"2024-05-07T23:42:09.115-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/rethinking-the-purpose-of-education","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/rethinking-the-purpose-of-education","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\n\u00a0\\n \\nMany discussions about education fall into the trap of assuming it's simply about consuming knowledge. This perspective misses the mark. Education should be about developing our abilities, not just filling our heads with facts.\\n \\nLearning Through Application\\n \\nThink about core subjects:\\n Math: It's not just memorizing formulas, it's about problem-solving and approaching challenges logically.Language: It's more than memorizing vocabulary, it's about communicating effectively, expressing ideas clearly, and understanding others.History: It's not just memorizing dates and names, it's about analysis - learning from the past, understanding cause and effect, and developing critical thinking skills.\\n \\nEducation equips us with the tools we need to navigate the world around us, not just recite facts from a textbook.\\n \\nThe Power of Structure: The PEEL Approach\\n \\nAs a history teacher, I often find myself reflecting on a valuable piece of advice I share with my students \u2013...","blurb":"\u00a0 Many discussions about education fall into the trap of assuming it's simply about consuming knowledge. This perspective misses the mark. Education should be about developing our abilities, not just filling our heads with facts. Learning Through Application Think about core subjects: Math: It's...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":31676720,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"A Quick Recap of UNESCO's Guidance for Generative AI in Education \u0026 Research, 2023","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_13be00a5-a63f-4d31-a4d7-2b6093dc3049","defaultValue":false,"url":"!","textColor":"light","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1521295121783-8a321d551ad2?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=85\u0026fm=jpg\u0026crop=entropy\u0026cs=srgb","storage":"un","h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_13be00a5-a63f-4d31-a4d7-2b6093dc3049","defaultValue":false,"url":"!","textColor":"light","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1521295121783-8a321d551ad2?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=85\u0026fm=jpg\u0026crop=entropy\u0026cs=srgb","storage":"un","h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":null,"publishedAt":"2023-09-22T00:35:03.616-07:00","updatedAt":"2023-09-25T18:46:52.309-07:00","createdAt":"2023-09-21T17:18:21.364-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/a-quick-recap-of-unesco-s-guidance-for-generative-ai-in-education-research","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/a-quick-recap-of-unesco-s-guidance-for-generative-ai-in-education-research","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\nUNESCO has unveiled its comprehensive blueprint for \"Guidance for Generative AI in Education \u0026 Research.\" In a groundbreaking move, UNESCO's global guidance on GenAI in education charts a course for nations to take immediate strides, draft enduring policies, and cultivate the essential human capabilities required to forge a future anchored in human-centric principles amidst the rise of these transformative technologies. Within the guidelines, several notable facets stand out, emphasizing the imperative for AI in education to retain its human-centered ethos. This ethos is in lockstep with KEATH's commitment to the preservation of human agency, and elevating the role of educators by advocating for symbiotic collaboration with AI.\\n \\nHere are our main takeways from UNESCO's report\\n \\nGenAI in Education: Navigating the Future of Learning\\n \\nIntroduction\\n \\nIn late 2022, the world witnessed a seismic shift in the realm of artificial intelligence (AI) with the launch of ChatGPT....","blurb":"UNESCO has unveiled its comprehensive blueprint for \"Guidance for Generative AI in Education \u0026 Research.\" In a groundbreaking move, UNESCO's global guidance on GenAI in education charts a course for nations to take immediate strides, draft enduring policies, and cultivate the essential human...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":29384823,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"Editing Exercises\\ Traveling to Thailand for the 1st Time \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_a7929483-ed44-453c-9d8d-ec03c5c774a9","defaultValue":false,"url":"!","textColor":"light","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1563492065599-3520f775eeed?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=85\u0026fm=jpg\u0026crop=entropy\u0026cs=srgb","storage":"un","h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_a7929483-ed44-453c-9d8d-ec03c5c774a9","defaultValue":false,"url":"!","textColor":"light","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1563492065599-3520f775eeed?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=85\u0026fm=jpg\u0026crop=entropy\u0026cs=srgb","storage":"un","h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":{"type":"Image","id":"8d2e4b79-7021-490a-8e7a-f4b015883690","defaultValue":null,"linkUrl":"","thumbUrl":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1528181304800-259b08848526?crop=entropy\u0026cs=tinysrgb\u0026fit=max\u0026fm=jpg\u0026ixid=M3wxOTc2fDB8MXxzZWFyY2h8MXx8dGhhaWxhbmR8ZW58MHx8fHwxNjg1MDYxNjg0fDA\u0026ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=80\u0026w=200","url":"!","caption":"","description":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1528181304800-259b08848526?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=85\u0026fm=jpg\u0026crop=entropy\u0026cs=srgb","storage":"un","storagePrefix":null,"h":800,"w":1200,"s":null,"newTarget":true,"focus":null},"publishedAt":"2023-05-25T18:29:25.623-07:00","updatedAt":"2023-05-30T00:41:59.301-07:00","createdAt":"2023-05-25T17:37:49.839-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/editing-exercises-traveling-to-thailand-for-the-1st-time","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/editing-exercises-traveling-to-thailand-for-the-1st-time","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\nTraveling to Thailand for the 1st Time\\n \\nPART 1\\n \\nTraveling to Thailand for the 1st Time\\nNote: The author is writing in present tense in her journal. \\n \\nInstructions: Fill in the blanks using the appropriate present tense forms of the verbs \"am, is, isn't, are, were, was\"\\n \\nOn our way!\\n \\nThis summer, my best friend Emily and I will to go on an exciting adventure. We are\u00a0both thrilled because it (1)\u00a0our first time traveling to Thailand. We're\u00a0a little nervous too, as we (2)\u00a0not sure what to expect. The journey (3)\u00a0long, but we (are) prepared with all the necessary documents and travel essentials.\\n \\nInstructions: Fill in the blanks using the appropriate present tense forms of the verbs \"am, is, isn't, are, were, was\"\\n \\nWe are in Thailand!\\n \\nWe have finally arrived at the airport! The atmosphere (is)\u00a0vibrant and filled with the scent of exotic spices. The people (4) welcoming and friendly, which made us feel at ease. We (are)\u00a0excited to explore the country's rich...","blurb":"Traveling to Thailand for the 1st Time PART 1 Traveling to Thailand for the 1st TimeNote: The author is writing in present tense in her journal. Instructions: Fill in the blanks using the appropriate present tense forms of the verbs \"am, is, isn't, are, were, was\" On our way! This summer, my...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":29222134,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"Syllabus Outline for Level b1 ESL Learners","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_a354e76d-f1b7-4739-920f-3c9fcd558ad6","url":"\/\/assets.strikingly.com\/static\/backgrounds\/blur\/2.jpg","textColor":"light","sizing":"cover"},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_a354e76d-f1b7-4739-920f-3c9fcd558ad6","url":"\/\/assets.strikingly.com\/static\/backgrounds\/blur\/2.jpg","textColor":"light","sizing":"cover"},"firstContentImage":null,"publishedAt":"2023-05-18T02:18:10.911-07:00","updatedAt":"2023-05-18T02:18:10.925-07:00","createdAt":"2023-05-18T01:26:54.217-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/syllabus-outline-for-level-b1-esl-learners","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/syllabus-outline-for-level-b1-esl-learners","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\nSyllabus for CEFR B1 Level Non-Native English Learners (Writing and Speaking) - One Semester:\\n Course Overview:\\n Introduction to the course objectives, structure, and expectations.Explanation of the CEFR B1 level and its learning outcomes.\\n Speaking Skills:Week 1-4:\\n Introduction to speaking strategies and effective communication techniques.Developing vocabulary and expressions for everyday conversations.Role-plays and simulations to practice real-life speaking situations.Giving presentations on familiar topics.\\n Writing Skills:Week 5-8:\\n Introduction to the writing process: planning, drafting, revising, and editing.Developing paragraph structure and coherence.Practicing sentence variety and appropriate language use.Writing personal narratives and descriptive essays.\\n Speaking Skills:Week 9-12:\\n Building on previous speaking skills with a focus on accuracy and fluency.Discussing and debating current issues.Practicing giving opinions and supporting arguments.Conducting...","blurb":"Syllabus for CEFR B1 Level Non-Native English Learners (Writing and Speaking) - One Semester: Course Overview: Introduction to the course objectives, structure, and expectations.Explanation of the CEFR B1 level and its learning outcomes. Speaking Skills:Week 1-4: Introduction to speaking...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":28856775,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"\u00a0 A List of Project-Based Learning Activities from International Baccalaureate (IB)","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_8c86ea5e-438a-406d-adb6-18e8b1cd6bf7","defaultValue":false,"url":"\/\/uploads.strikinglycdn.com\/static\/backgrounds\/cityscape\/170.jpg","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":9,"w":16,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_8c86ea5e-438a-406d-adb6-18e8b1cd6bf7","defaultValue":false,"url":"\/\/uploads.strikinglycdn.com\/static\/backgrounds\/cityscape\/170.jpg","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":9,"w":16,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":null,"publishedAt":"2023-05-02T18:39:10.321-07:00","updatedAt":"2024-04-21T18:04:39.934-07:00","createdAt":"2023-05-02T02:23:32.060-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/a-list-of-project-based-learning-activities-from-international","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/a-list-of-project-based-learning-activities-from-international","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\nThe International Baccalaureate (IB) program is known for its focus on inquiry-based learning and project-based assessments. Here are some examples of IB project-based learning activities:\\n Extended Essay: This is a mandatory project for all IB students, where they conduct independent research and produce an essay of up to 4,000 words on a topic of their choice. The project emphasizes critical thinking, research skills, and academic writing.CAS (Creativity, Activity, Service) Project: This is a required component of the IB program where students engage in activities that promote creativity, physical activity, and community service. Students are encouraged to develop and implement their own projects, such as organizing a charity fundraiser or creating a piece of artwork for a public space.Group 4 Project: This is a collaborative project where students from different science disciplines work together on a common topic or problem. The project emphasizes teamwork, communication, and...","blurb":"The International Baccalaureate (IB) program is known for its focus on inquiry-based learning and project-based assessments. Here are some examples of IB project-based learning activities: Extended Essay: This is a mandatory project for all IB students, where they conduct independent research and...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":28850493,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"Fake Product Pitches for Shark Tank","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_1de2c2c8-5e33-44ba-99fe-28172a3339f8","defaultValue":false,"url":"!","textColor":"light","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1612476919598-a233d3692cc6?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=85\u0026fm=jpg\u0026crop=entropy\u0026cs=srgb","storage":"un","h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_1de2c2c8-5e33-44ba-99fe-28172a3339f8","defaultValue":false,"url":"!","textColor":"light","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1612476919598-a233d3692cc6?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=85\u0026fm=jpg\u0026crop=entropy\u0026cs=srgb","storage":"un","h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":{"type":"Image","id":"164feea8-82e9-4c0c-9567-d965dda299c3","defaultValue":null,"linkUrl":"","thumbUrl":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1663205304291-e019703d3614?crop=entropy\u0026cs=tinysrgb\u0026fit=max\u0026fm=jpg\u0026ixid=MnwxOTc2fDB8MXxzZWFyY2h8M3x8Y29sb3JmdWwlMjBoYXRzfGVufDB8fHx8MTY4MzAxODE1OA\u0026ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=80\u0026w=200","url":"!","caption":"","description":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1663205304291-e019703d3614?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=85\u0026fm=jpg\u0026crop=entropy\u0026cs=srgb","storage":"un","storagePrefix":null,"h":800,"w":1200,"s":null,"newTarget":true,"focus":null},"publishedAt":"2023-05-01T20:19:53.853-07:00","updatedAt":"2024-05-20T19:03:33.762-07:00","createdAt":"2023-05-01T20:02:08.187-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/fake-product-pitches-for-shark-tank","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/fake-product-pitches-for-shark-tank","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\nTitle: Shark Tank Product Pitch Workshop\\n \\nGrade Level: High School\\n \\nDuration: 2 class periods (90 minutes each)\\n \\nObjectives:\\n To introduce students to the concepts of entrepreneurship and product developmentTo develop students' communication and presentation skills through a product pitch simulationTo promote creativity and problem-solving skills through the development of innovative product ideas\\n \\nMaterials:\\n Whiteboards or chart paperMarkers and colored pencilsLaptops or tabletsProjector or smart boardShark Tank pitch simulation handoutRubric for assessing student presentations\\n \\nProcedure:\\n \\nDay 1\\n \\nIntroduction (10 minutes):\\n Begin by introducing the concept of entrepreneurship and explaining how Shark Tank works as a platform for entrepreneurs to pitch their ideas to investors.Show a brief clip of Shark Tank to give students a sense of what the show is like.\\n \\nBrainstorming (20 minutes):\\n Divide students into small groups of 3-4.Give each group a...","blurb":"Title: Shark Tank Product Pitch Workshop Grade Level: High School Duration: 2 class periods (90 minutes each) Objectives: To introduce students to the concepts of entrepreneurship and product developmentTo develop students' communication and presentation skills through a product pitch...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":28371567,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"OREO (opinion, reason, example, reinforce opinion) opinionated writing activities for high school students\u00a0","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_1ce12b15-cc84-41df-9f16-c1f6b0d157bd","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/uploads.strikinglycdn.com\/static\/backgrounds\/patterns\/7.jpg","textColor":"light","sizing":"tile","videoHtml":"","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":900,"w":1600,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_1ce12b15-cc84-41df-9f16-c1f6b0d157bd","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/uploads.strikinglycdn.com\/static\/backgrounds\/patterns\/7.jpg","textColor":"light","sizing":"tile","videoHtml":"","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":900,"w":1600,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":null,"publishedAt":"2023-04-08T20:37:12.062-07:00","updatedAt":"2023-04-08T20:37:12.077-07:00","createdAt":"2023-04-08T20:32:58.396-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/oreo-opinion-reason-example-reinforce-opinion-opinionated-writing","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/oreo-opinion-reason-example-reinforce-opinion-opinionated-writing","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\nPotential topics for a high school-themed opinion writing:\\n \\nShould high schools require students to wear uniforms? Share your thoughts on whether or not mandatory school uniforms would be beneficial for high school students.\\n \\nShould high schools offer more vocational training programs? Discuss whether or not high schools should provide more opportunities for students to gain practical, job-specific skills.\\n \\nIs homework necessary in high school? Argue for or against the idea that homework is an essential part of high school education.\\n \\nShould high schools offer more courses in personal finance and money management? Share your thoughts on whether or not high schools should make financial literacy a mandatory part of their curriculum.\\n \\nShould high schools have a later start time? Discuss whether or not pushing back the start times of high schools would be beneficial for students' health and academic performance.\\n \\nShould high schools offer more mental health support...","blurb":"Potential topics for a high school-themed opinion writing: Should high schools require students to wear uniforms? Share your thoughts on whether or not mandatory school uniforms would be beneficial for high school students. Should high schools offer more vocational training programs? Discuss...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":28371415,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"The Case of the Missing Artwork","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_ce86cbef-d3de-4463-9b1b-5db6b8215c53","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/uploads.strikinglycdn.com\/static\/backgrounds\/patterns\/8.jpg","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"tile","videoUrl":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":900,"w":1600,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_ce86cbef-d3de-4463-9b1b-5db6b8215c53","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/uploads.strikinglycdn.com\/static\/backgrounds\/patterns\/8.jpg","textColor":"overlay","sizing":"tile","videoUrl":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":900,"w":1600,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":null,"publishedAt":"2023-04-08T20:29:47.823-07:00","updatedAt":"2023-04-08T20:29:47.831-07:00","createdAt":"2023-04-08T20:19:07.118-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/the-case-of-the-missing-artwork","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/the-case-of-the-missing-artwork","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\nHere's a mystery scenario for a middle school critical thinking skills class:\\n \\nScenario: The Case of the Missing Artwork\\n \\nA priceless piece of artwork has been stolen from the local museum, and the police have no leads. The museum director has asked your class to help solve the case. Here's what you know:\\n The artwork is a painting by a famous artist, worth millions of dollars.The painting was on display in a room with several other valuable works of art.There were security cameras in the room, but they were not working at the time of the theft.The room was locked overnight, and there were no signs of forced entry.There were no witnesses to the theft.\\n \\nYour task is to use critical thinking skills to gather clues and solve the case. Here are some questions to consider:\\n Who had access to the room where the painting was displayed?Was there anyone with a motive to steal the painting?Could the theft have been an inside job?Are there any other clues or pieces of evidence...","blurb":"Here's a mystery scenario for a middle school critical thinking skills class: Scenario: The Case of the Missing Artwork A priceless piece of artwork has been stolen from the local museum, and the police have no leads. The museum director has asked your class to help solve the case. Here's what...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":28178502,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"Improving your students' writing skills","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_a9df5a63-8a93-448b-9ecf-077c30e3ed47","defaultValue":false,"url":"!","textColor":"light","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1455390582262-044cdead277a?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=85\u0026fm=jpg\u0026crop=entropy\u0026cs=srgb","storage":"un","h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_a9df5a63-8a93-448b-9ecf-077c30e3ed47","defaultValue":false,"url":"!","textColor":"light","sizing":"cover","userClassName":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1455390582262-044cdead277a?ixlib=rb-4.0.3\u0026q=85\u0026fm=jpg\u0026crop=entropy\u0026cs=srgb","storage":"un","h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":null,"publishedAt":"2023-04-08T20:18:04.317-07:00","updatedAt":"2023-04-08T20:39:59.189-07:00","createdAt":"2023-03-28T18:16:26.553-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/improving-your-students-writing-skills","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/improving-your-students-writing-skills","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\nActivities \\n \\nThere are many writing activities that a teacher can utilize as lessons, depending on the specific goals of the lesson and the needs of the students. Here are a few ideas:\\n \\nJournaling: Encourage students to write about their thoughts, feelings, and experiences in a personal journal. This can be a daily or weekly activity that helps students to develop their writing skills and reflect on their own lives.\\n \\nCreative Writing Prompts: Provide students with a creative writing prompt, such as a picture, a quotation, or a scenario, and ask them to write a short story or a poem inspired by the prompt.\\n \\nWriting Across the Curriculum: Encourage students to write in different subject areas, such as science, history, or social studies. This could involve writing a research paper, a lab report, or a persuasive essay.\\n \\nCollaborative Writing: Have students work together in small groups to write a story, a report, or a poem. This can help students develop their teamwork...","blurb":"Activities There are many writing activities that a teacher can utilize as lessons, depending on the specific goals of the lesson and the needs of the students. Here are a few ideas: Journaling: Encourage students to write about their thoughts, feelings, and experiences in a personal journal....","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0},{"id":28371332,"state":"published","settings":{"hideBlogDate":false},"title":"The Dissappearing Inventor\u00a0","icon":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_1f5c32a3-4a4a-4b7d-a999-1de8f28fbe99","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/uploads.strikinglycdn.com\/static\/backgrounds\/patterns\/2.jpg","textColor":"light","sizing":"tile","videoHtml":"","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":900,"w":1600,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"headerImage":{"type":"Blog.BackgroundImage","id":"f_1f5c32a3-4a4a-4b7d-a999-1de8f28fbe99","defaultValue":false,"url":"https:\/\/uploads.strikinglycdn.com\/static\/backgrounds\/patterns\/2.jpg","textColor":"light","sizing":"tile","videoHtml":"","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":900,"w":1600,"s":null,"useImage":true,"focus":null},"firstContentImage":null,"publishedAt":"2023-04-08T20:16:34.243-07:00","updatedAt":"2023-04-08T20:16:34.266-07:00","createdAt":"2023-04-08T20:08:48.456-07:00","publicUrl":"https:\/\/www.chariotglobaled.com\/blog\/the-dissappearing-inventor","relativeUrl":"\/blog\/the-dissappearing-inventor","pinned":false,"allTagsList":[],"postedToWechat":false,"longBlurb":"\\nA mystery scenario for a middle school critical thinking skills class:\\n \\nScenario: The Disappearing Inventor\\n \\nAn eccentric inventor named Dr. Frank has gone missing from his laboratory, and the police have no leads. Dr. Frank is known for his innovative inventions, and his laboratory is filled with strange contraptions and experiments. Here's what you know:\\n Dr. Frank was last seen in his laboratory late at night.The laboratory is filled with unusual gadgets and machines, many of which are still running.There are no signs of forced entry or struggle.Dr. Frank's assistant, a young woman named Lily, is the only other person who has access to the laboratory.There is a strange note on Dr. Frank's desk that reads: \"The answer lies in the machine.\"\\n \\nYour task is to use critical thinking skills to gather clues and solve the case. Here are some questions to consider:\\n What kind of inventions does Dr. Frank specialize in?Could any of his inventions have caused his...","blurb":"A mystery scenario for a middle school critical thinking skills class: Scenario: The Disappearing Inventor An eccentric inventor named Dr. Frank has gone missing from his laboratory, and the police have no leads. Dr. Frank is known for his innovative inventions, and his laboratory is filled with...","pendingCommentsCount":0,"approvedCommentsCount":0}],"wechatMpAccountId":null,"pagination":{"blogPosts":{"currentPage":1,"previousPage":null,"nextPage":2,"perPage":20,"totalPages":2,"totalCount":31}}}}},"ecommerceProductCollection":{"data":{"products":[]}},"ecommerceCategoriesProductCollection":null,"portfolioCategoriesProductCollection":null,"portfolioProductCollection":{"data":{"products":[]}},"blogCategoriesPostCollection":null,"ecommerceProductOrderList":{},"ecommerceCategoryCollection":{"data":{"categories":[]}},"portfolioCategoryCollection":{"data":{"categories":[]}},"blogCategoryCollection":{},"eventTypeCategoryCollection":null};$S.blink={"page":{"logo_url":"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_630,w_1200,f_auto,q_auto\/1011895\/912969_325534.jpeg","weitie_url":"http:\/\/jon-santangelo-edu.weitie.co","description":"Specializing in China's dynamic international education industry since 2011. Hands-on expertise in China EdTech, AI, Higher-Ed, Chinese student recruitment, education agencies \u0026 consultants, and digital channels for global educators, worldwide.","name":"Chariot Global Education \ud83d\uddfa"},"conf":{"WECHAT_APP_ID":"wxd009fb01de1ec8b5"}}; //]]>

  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

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  • Chapters 1,4,5,6,7 & 14: Microeconomics Review

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